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Author  |
Hattori, Y.; Kuroshima, H.; Fujita, K. |
| Title |
I know you are not looking at me: capuchin monkeys` ? (Cebus apella) sensitivity to human attentional states |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume |
10 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
141-148 |
| Keywords |
Capuchin monkeys – Attentional state – Gaze – Social cognition |
| Abstract |
Abstract The present study asked whether capuchin monkeys recognize human attentional states. The monkeys requested food from the experimenter by extending an arm (pointing) toward the baited one of two transparent cups. On regular trials the experimenter gave the food immediately to the monkeys upon pointing but on randomly inserted test trials she ignored the pointing for 5 s during which she displayed different attentional states. The monkeys looked at the experimenter's face longer when she looked at the monkeys than when she looked at the ceiling in Experiment 1, and longer when she oriented her head midway between the two cups with eyes open than when she did so with eyes closed in Experiment 2. However, the monkeys showed no differential pointing in these conditions. These results suggest that capuchins are sensitive to eye direction but this sensitivity does not lead to differential pointing trained in laboratory experiments. Furthermore, to our knowledge, this is the first firm behavioral evidence that non-human primates attend to the subtle states of eyes in a food requesting task. |
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Admin @ knut @ |
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4219 |
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Hausberger, M.; Gautier, E.; Muller, C.; Jego, P. |
| Title |
Lower learning abilities in stereotypic horses |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume |
107 |
Issue |
3-4 |
Pages |
299-306 |
| Keywords |
Stereotypies; Learning ability; Horses |
| Abstract |
The question of whether motor stereotypies may be associated with learning disorders is a highly debated issue both in humans and animals, but evidence is still scarce. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relation between the occurrence of stereotypic behaviours in horses where stereotypies are well described and learning abilities measurable. Seventy horses were observed in their box at two periods (August and November) and were then submitted to an instrumental task (opening a chest by raising the lid using the nose). Fifty-one of them had shown stereotypic behaviours at both periods. It appeared that more stereotypic horses (36/51) were unsuccessful than non-stereotypic horses (3/19) in the learning task. When successful, they required a longer time in order to perform the task (368 s on average against 220 for the non-stereotypic horses). No difference was found according to the type of stereotypy performed. This is to our knowledge the first time that a relation is found between stereotypy and learning in an animal species. The additional finding that stereotypic horses spent less time lying down and sleeping suggests a possible role of attentional processes. This finding has important implications for the horse industry. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4301 |
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| Author |
Hayashi, M. |
| Title |
Stacking of blocks by chimpanzees: developmental processes and physical understanding |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume |
10 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
89-103 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Cognition/*physiology; Female; Male; Motor Skills/*physiology; Pan troglodytes/*physiology/*psychology |
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The stacking-block task has been used to assess cognitive development in both humans and chimpanzees. The present study reports three aspects of stacking behavior in chimpanzees: spontaneous development, acquisition process following training, and physical understanding assessed through a cylindrical-block task. Over 3 years of longitudinal observation of block manipulation, one of three infant chimpanzees spontaneously started to stack up cubic blocks at the age of 2 years and 7 months. The other two infants began stacking up blocks at 3 years and 1 month, although only after the introduction of training by a human tester who rewarded stacking behavior. Cylindrical blocks were then introduced to assess physical understanding in object-object combinations in three infant (aged 3-4) and three adult chimpanzees. The flat surfaces of cylinders are suitable for stacking, while the rounded surface is not. Block manipulation was described using sequential codes and analyzed focusing on failure, cause, and solution in the task. Three of the six subjects (one infant and two adults) stacked up cylindrical blocks efficiently: frequently changing the cylinders' orientation without contacting the round side to other blocks. Rich experience in stacking cubes may facilitate subjects' stacking of novel, cylindrical shapes from the beginning. The other three subjects were less efficient in stacking cylinders and used variable strategies to achieve the goal. Nevertheless, they began to learn the effective way of stacking over the course of testing, after about 15 sessions (75 trials). |
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JSPS Research Fellow, Section of Language and Intelligence, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan. misato@pri.kyoto-u.ac.jp |
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1435-9448 |
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PMID:16909233 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2451 |
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Heinrich, B.; Bugnyar, T. |
| Title |
Just how smart are ravens? |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Scientific American |
Abbreviated Journal |
Sci Am |
| Volume |
296 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
64-71 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Crows/*physiology; Environment; *Intelligence; Predatory Behavior; Problem Solving; Thinking |
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University of Vermont, USA |
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0036-8733 |
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PMID:17479632 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4101 |
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Heitor, F.; Vicente, L. |
| Title |
Learning about horses: What is equine learning all about? |
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Journal Article |
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2007 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
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76 |
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1 |
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34-36 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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627 |
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Helton, W.S. |
| Title |
Expertise acquisition as sustained learning in humans and other animals: commonalities across species |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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Expertise acquisition may be a universal attribute of animals. In this study data on foraging efficiency, or expertise, was compared for four species: honeybees (Apis mellifera), oystercatchers (Haematopus ostralegus), chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), and humans (Homo sapiens). Polynomial regression models were constructed to investigate the relationship between age and foraging efficiency. There was a similar expertise-acquisition function between age and foraging efficiency across species, best described by a quadratic equation. The peak of performance was reached, in all cases, before the average age of death but well after reaching physical maturity and the percentage of lifespan devoted to the skill was more than 10% of the species-typical lifespan. |
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Department of Psychology, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA, deak_helton@yahoo.com |
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1435-9448 |
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PMID:17534675 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2395 |
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Henderson, A.J.Z. |
| Title |
Don't fence me in: managing psychological well being for elite performance horses |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science : JAAWS |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Appl. Anim. Welf. Sci. |
| Volume |
10 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
309-329 |
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*Animal Husbandry; Animal Welfare; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Horses/*psychology; *Physical Conditioning, Animal; *Stereotyped Behavior |
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This article posits that stereotypical behavior patterns and the overall psychological well being of today's performance horse could be substantially enhanced with care that acknowledges the relationship between domesticated horses and their forerunners. Feral horses typically roam in stable, social groups over large grazing territories, spending 16-20 hr per day foraging on mid- to poor-quality roughage. In contrast, today's elite show horses live in relatively small stalls, eat a limited-but rich-diet at specific feedings, and typically live in social isolation. Although the horse has been domesticated for more than 6000 years, there has been no selection for an equid who no longer requires an outlet for these natural behaviors. Using equine stereotypies as a welfare indicator, this researcher proposes that the psychological well being of today's performance horse is compromised. Furthermore, the article illustrates how minimal management changes can enhance horses' well being while still remaining compatible with the requirements of the sport-horse industry. The article discusses conclusions in terms of Fraser, Weary, Pajor, and Milligan's “integrative welfare model” (1997). |
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Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. zamoyska@shaw.ca |
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1088-8705 |
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PMID:17970632 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4363 |
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Henson, S.M.; Dennis, B.; Hayward, J.L.; Cushing, J.M.; Galusha, J.G. |
| Title |
Predicting the dynamics of animal behaviour in field populations |
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Journal Article |
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2007 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
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Anim. Behav. |
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74 |
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1 |
Pages |
103-110 |
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colony occupancy; differential equation; dynamic modelling; glaucous-winged gull; habitat ecology; Larus glaucescens; mathematical modelling; sleep; territory attendance |
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Many species show considerable variation in behaviour among individuals. We show that some behaviours are largely deterministic and predictable with mathematical models. We propose a general differential equation model of behaviour in field populations and use the methodology to explain and predict the dynamics of sleep and colony attendance in seabirds as a function of environmental factors. Our model explained over half the variability in the data to which it was fitted, and it predicted the dynamics of an independent data set. Differential equation models may provide new approaches to the study of behaviour in animals and humans. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4206 |
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Herrmann, E.; Call, J.; Hernandez-Lloreda, M.V.; Hare, B.; Tomasello, M. |
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online material |
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Journal Article |
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2007 |
Publication |
Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
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317 |
Issue |
5843 |
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1360-1366 |
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Humans have many cognitive skills not possessed by their nearest primate relatives. The cultural intelligence hypothesis argues that this is mainly due to a species-specific set of social-cognitive skills, emerging early in ontogeny, for participating and exchanging knowledge in cultural groups. We tested this hypothesis by giving a comprehensive battery of cognitive tests to large numbers of two of humans' closest primate relatives, chimpanzees and orangutans, as well as to 2.5-year-old human children before literacy and schooling. Supporting the cultural intelligence hypothesis and contradicting the hypothesis that humans simply have more “general intelligence,” we found that the children and chimpanzees had very similar cognitive skills for dealing with the physical world but that the children had more sophisticated cognitive skills than either of the ape species for dealing with the social world. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4244 |
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Herrmann, E.; Call, J.; Hernandez-Lloreda, M.V.; Hare, B.; Tomasello, M. |
| Title |
Humans Have Evolved Specialized Skills of Social Cognition: The Cultural Intelligence Hypothesis |
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Journal Article |
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2007 |
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Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
| Volume |
317 |
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5843 |
Pages |
1360-1366 |
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Humans have many cognitive skills not possessed by their nearest primate relatives. The cultural intelligence hypothesis argues that this is mainly due to a species-specific set of social-cognitive skills, emerging early in ontogeny, for participating and exchanging knowledge in cultural groups. We tested this hypothesis by giving a comprehensive battery of cognitive tests to large numbers of two of humans' closest primate relatives, chimpanzees and orangutans, as well as to 2.5-year-old human children before literacy and schooling. Supporting the cultural intelligence hypothesis and contradicting the hypothesis that humans simply have more “general intelligence,” we found that the children and chimpanzees had very similar cognitive skills for dealing with the physical world but that the children had more sophisticated cognitive skills than either of the ape species for dealing with the social world. |
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10.1126/science.1146282 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4245 |
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