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| Author | Gifford, A.K.; Cloutier, S.; Newberry, R.C. | ||||
| Title | Objects as enrichment: Effects of object exposure time and delay interval on object recognition memory of the domestic pig | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 107 | Issue | 3-4 | Pages | 206-217 |
| Keywords | Pig; Cognition; Exploratory behaviour; Animal welfare; Environmental enrichment | ||||
Abstract  |
A modified spontaneous object recognition test was used to examine object recognition memory in the domestic pig. This test uses preference for a novel object over a previously encountered sample object as indicating recognition of the sample object, and no preference as indicating no recognition. Two factors hypothesized to affect object recognition are duration of exposure to the sample stimulus and delay interval before re-exposure. Both of these factors could be manipulated in a rotational object enrichment program for pigs. Reducing exposure time and increasing the delay interval before re-exposure should decrease object recognition and prolong novelty-induced object exploration. We exposed 5-week-old pigs to different sample objects in their home pens for 10 min and 2 days, respectively. We tested for object recognition memory at various delay intervals after initial exposure by placing littermate pairs in a test pen for 10 min and recording snout contact with a sample object and a completely novel object. At a 1-h delay, half the pairs were tested with the 2-day sample object; the other half received the 10-min sample object. At a 3-h delay, pairs were tested with the opposite sample object. Pairs were also tested with the 2-day sample at a 5-day delay and the 10-min sample at a 6-day delay. We predicted that pigs would show a preference for the novel versus the 2-day sample object at all three delays, but would only prefer the novel object over the 10-min sample object at the 1-h and 3-h delays. Pigs did not show novelty preference in the presence of the 10-min sample object at any delay. Novelty preference in the presence of the 2-day sample object occurred at the 3-h (P < 0.05) and 5-day delays (P < 0.001), but not the 1-h delay. The lack of novelty preference when pigs were tested with the 10-min sample object may have been due to failure to habituate to the sample object. Testing in a different location from the initial sample object exposure and retroactive interference from exposure to the 10-min sample object may have contributed to a temporary lack of novelty preference when pigs were tested with the 2-day sample object at the 1-h delay. The finding that pigs retained a memory for the 2-day sample object for at least 5 days suggests that restricting object exposure to less than 2 days may help to preserve the exploratory value of objects rotated among pens. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2892 | ||
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| Author | Rapin, V.; Poncet, P.A.; Burger, D.; Mermod, C.; Richard, M.A. | ||||
| Title | [Measurement of the attention time in the horse] | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde | Abbreviated Journal | Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd |
| Volume | 149 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 77-83 |
| Keywords | Age Factors; Animals; *Attention/physiology; Conditioning, Operant; Cross-Over Studies; Female; Horses/*physiology; Learning/*physiology; Male; Memory/*physiology; Time Factors | ||||
| Abstract |
A study carried out on 49 horses showed that it is possible to measure the attention time by operant conditioning. After teaching horses an instrumental task using a signal, we were then able to test their attention time by asking them to prolong it increasingly while setting success and failure criteria. Two tests were performed 3 weeks apart. The 2nd test was feasible without relearning, a proof of memory, and was repeatable, a proof of consistency in the attention time. A significant difference was observed between the 3 age groups. Young horses often performed very well during the 1st test but their attention dropped in the 2nd test while older horses were more stable with respect to attention and even increased it slightly. The study shows that there are individual differences but it was not possible to prove a significant influence of breed, gender and paternal influence. Consequently, learning appears to be one of the most interesting approaches for evaluating the attention of horses and for observing their behaviour. | ||||
| Address | Laboratoire d'Ecoethologie, Universite de Neuchatel, Suisse. veronique.rapin@unine.ch | ||||
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| Language | French | Summary Language | Original Title | Mesure de la duree d'attention chez le cheval | |
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| ISSN | 0036-7281 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:17343134 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 1770 | |||
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| Author | Schneider, J.D.; Tokach, M.D.; Dritz, S.S.; Nelssen, J.L.; DeRouchey, J.M.; Goodband, R.D. | ||||
| Title | Effects of feeding schedule on body condition, aggressiveness, and reproductive failure in group housed sows | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Journal of Animal Science | Abbreviated Journal | J. Anim Sci. |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | jas.2007-0345- | ||
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| Abstract |
A total of 208 sows and 288 gilts (PIC Line C29) were used to determine the influence of feeding frequency (2 versus 6 times/d, floor fed) on performance and welfare measurements on a commercial sow farm. Treatments consisted of feeding similar amounts of feed to each sow (2.5 kg) or gilt (2.05 kg) over 2 (0700 and 1530 h) or 6 times daily (0700, 0730, 0800, 1530, 1600, and 1630). There were 8 sows or 12 gilts in each pen. Gilts and sows were moved to pens 1 to 4 d after breeding. In sows, there were no differences (P > 0.10) in ADG, backfat change, or variation in BW. There was a trend (P < 0.08) for sows fed twice a daily to farrow more total pigs born, but number born alive or other reproductive performance traits were not different (P > 0.10) among treatments. Sows fed 6 times per d had increased vocalization during the morning (P < 0.07) and afternoon (P < 0.01) feeding periods compared with sows fed twice daily. Sows fed twice daily had more skin (P < 0.01) and vulva (P < 0.04) lesions as well as a small increase in feet and leg (P < 0.01) and hoof (P < 0.02) problems. In this commercial facility, the standard management protocol required moving gilts to a different gestation facility on d 42. On d 42, 2 pens of gilts with similar breeding dates and treatment were combined and moved to another facility with larger pens until farrowing. Gilts fed 6 times daily had a tendency for greater ADG (P < 0.07) from d 0 to 42, and a tendency for greater (P < 0.09) backfat on d 42. After movement to the larger groups from d 42 to farrowing, ADG was similar (P > 0.10) for gilts fed 2 or 6 times daily. Gilts fed twice daily had lower BW variation at d 42 (P < 0.04) and tended to at farrowing (P < 0.10). In gilts, there were no differences (P > 0.10) for reproductive performance, skin and vulva lesions, and feet, leg scores. In conclusion, there were few growth, farrowing, or aggression differences among gilts fed either 2 or 6 times daily. This suggests that either feeding method is suitable for group housed gilts. Among sows, feeding frequency resulted in few growth or farrowing performance differences. Feeding 6 times daily resulted in a small but significant reduction in skin and vulva lesions and structural problem scores while increasing vocalization. Increasing the feeding frequency from 2 to 6 times daily does not appear to have a negative or positive impact on performance or welfare of group housed gilts and sows. | ||||
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| Notes | 10.2527/jas.2007-0345 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4250 | ||
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| Author | Horner, V.; Whiten, A. | ||||
| Title | Learning from others' mistakes limits on understanding a trap-tube task by young chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and children (Homo sapiens) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Journal of comparative psychology | Abbreviated Journal | J Comp Psychol |
| Volume | 121 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 12-21 |
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| Abstract |
A trap-tube task was used to determine whether chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and children (Homo sapiens) who observed a model's errors and successes could master the task in fewer trials than those who saw only successes. Two- to 7-year-old chimpanzees and 3- to 4-year-old children did not benefit from observing errors and found the task difficult. Two of the 6 chimpanzees developed a successful anticipatory strategy but showed no evidence of representing the core causal relations involved in trapping. Three- to 4-year-old children showed a similar limitation and tended to copy the actions of the demonstrator, irrespective of their causal relevance. Five- to 6-year-old children were able to master the task but did not appear to be influenced by social learning or benefit from observing errors. | ||||
| Address | Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution, School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, Fife, Scotland, UK. vhorner@rmy.emory.edu | ||||
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| Publisher | Place of Publication | Washington, D.C. : 1983 | Editor | ||
| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0735-7036 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:17324071 | Approved | yes | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 728 | ||
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| Author | Peterson, R. O. | ||||
| Title | The Wolves of Isle Royale: A Broken Balance | Type | Book Whole | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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About the Book “Few can rival what Rolf Peterson has accomplished on Isle Royale. His study, a true classic, offers lessons and examples to us all who hope to do the same. This book reveals some of the secrets and details of this one-of-a-kind wolf study.” -Douglas W. Smith, Leader, Yellowstone Wolf Project For nearly half a century Isle Royale National Park has been the site of a comprehensive study on wolves (2008 marks the fiftieth anniversary)-the world's longest-running study on any wild animal. With its lush northern landscape and wolf and moose populations, the pristine and isolated park presents an ideal laboratory for wildlife biologists. The Wolves of Isle Royale is author and wildlife biologist Rolf Peterson's fascinating firsthand account of the relationship that exists between the wolf and the moose on the island. Illustrated with over 100 photographs, this book reveals the true nature of the mysterious and little-understood wolf, and it offers novel solutions to the conservation crisis as the wolf population falters to its lowest recorded level. Rolf O. Peterson is known worldwide for his wolf research. His photographs have been published in National Geographic, Audubon, and National Wildlife. He is Professor of Wildlife Ecology at Michigan Technological University. Cover photo credit: Rolf O. Peterson |
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| Publisher | The university of Michigan Press | Place of Publication | Michigan | Editor | |
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| ISSN | ISBN | 978-0-472-03261-7 | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4716 | ||
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| Author | Pérez-Barbería, F.J.; Shultz, S.; Dunbar, R.I.M.; Janis, C. | ||||
| Title | Evidence For Coevolution Of Sociality And Relative Brain Size In Three Orders Of Mammals | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Evolution | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 61 | Issue | 12 | Pages | 2811-2821 |
| Keywords | Brain size, carnivores, coevolution, primates, sociality, ungulates | ||||
| Abstract |
Abstract As the brain is responsible for managing an individual's behavioral response to its environment, we should expect that large relative brain size is an evolutionary response to cognitively challenging behaviors. The “social brain hypothesis†argues that maintaining group cohesion is cognitively demanding as individuals living in groups need to be able to resolve conflicts that impact on their ability to meet resource requirements. If sociality does impose cognitive demands, we expect changes in relative brain size and sociality to be coupled over evolutionary time. In this study, we analyze data on sociality and relative brain size for 206 species of ungulates, carnivores, and primates and provide, for the first time, evidence that changes in sociality and relative brain size are closely correlated over evolutionary time for all three mammalian orders. This suggests a process of coevolution and provides support for the social brain theory. However, differences between taxonomic orders in the stability of the transition between small-brained/nonsocial and large-brained/social imply that, although sociality is cognitively demanding, sociality and relative brain size can become decoupled in some cases. Carnivores seem to have been especially prone to this. |
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| Notes | doi: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00229.x | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4781 | ||
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| Author | Rankin, D.J.; Lopez-Sepulcre, A.; Foster, K.R.; Kokko, H. | ||||
| Title | Species-level selection reduces selfishness through competitive exclusion | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Journal of Evolutionary Biology | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 20 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 1459-1468 |
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Abstract Adaptation does not necessarily lead to traits which are optimal for the population. This is because selection is often the strongest at the individual or gene level. The evolution of selfishness can lead to a .tragedy of the commons., where traits such as aggression or social cheating reduce population size and may lead to extinction. This suggests that species-level selection will result whenever species differ in the incentive to be selfish. We explore this idea in a simple model that combines individual-level selection with ecology in two interacting species. Our model is not influenced by kin or trait-group selection. We find that individual selection in combination with competitive exclusion greatly increases the likelihood that selfish species go extinct. A simple example of this would be a vertebrate species that invests heavily into squabbles over breeding sites, which is then excluded by a species that invests more into direct reproduction. A multispecies simulation shows that these extinctions result in communities containing species that are much less selfish. Our results suggest that species-level selection and community dynamics play an important role in regulating the intensity of conflicts in natural populations. | ||||
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| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4225 | ||
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| Author | Kokko, H.; Lopez-Sepulcre, A. | ||||
| Title | The ecogenetic link between demography and evolution: can we bridge the gap between theory and data? | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Ecology Letters | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 10 | Issue | 9 | Pages | 773-782 |
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Abstract Calls to understand the links between ecology and evolution have been common for decades. Population dynamics, i.e. the demographic changes in populations, arise from life history decisions of individuals and thus are a product of selection, and selection, on the contrary, can be modified by such dynamical properties of the population as density and stability. It follows that generating predictions and testing them correctly requires considering this ecogenetic feedback loop whenever traits have demographic consequences, mediated via density dependence (or frequency dependence). This is not an easy challenge, and arguably theory has advanced at a greater pace than empirical research. However, theory would benefit from more interaction between related fields, as is evident in the many near-synonymous names that the ecogenetic loop has attracted. We also list encouraging examples where empiricists have shown feasible ways of addressing the question, ranging from advanced data analysis to experiments and comparative analyses of phylogenetic data. | ||||
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| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4226 | ||
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| Author | Pannozzo, P.L.; Phillips, K.A.; Haas, M.E.; Mintz, E.M. | ||||
| Title | Social Monitoring Reflects Dominance Relationships in a Small Captive Group of Brown Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus apella) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Ethology | Abbreviated Journal | Ethology |
| Volume | 113 | Issue | 9 | Pages | 881-888 |
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Abstract In several studies of social monitoring in primates, subordinate animals directed more visual attention toward dominant animals than vice versa. This behavior is thought to enable subordinate animals to avoid conflict. We sought to clarify whether visual attention behavior functions in this manner in a small captive group of brown capuchin monkeys, Cebus apella. We tested the hypothesis that social monitoring is related to dominance status. Dominance status was determined based on the directionality of aggressive behavior, and visual attention was quantified by using focal animal sampling. Subordinate animals directed significantly more visual attention toward others than dominant animals. Subordinate animals also looked more frequently at the animals that attacked them and others the most. The results indicate that social monitoring behavior in this captive group was driven by conflict-avoidance. | ||||
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| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4312 | ||
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| Author | Ceacero, F.; Landete-Castillejos, T.; Garcia, A.J.; Estevez, J.A.; Gallego, L. | ||||
| Title | Kinship Discrimination and Effects on Social Rank and Aggressiveness Levels in Iberian Red Deer Hinds | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Ethology | Abbreviated Journal | Ethology |
| Volume | 113 | Issue | 12 | Pages | 1133-1140 |
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Abstract Kin recognition is a widespread phenomenon that allows individuals to benefit by enhancing their inclusive fitness, and one of its most common forms is reducing aggressiveness towards relatives. We carried out an experiment with Iberian red deer hinds (Cervus elaphus hispanicus) in order to examine kin biases in dominance behaviour and its consequences on social rank. Three enclosed groups (n = 36, 23 and 21, respectively) were monitored during two lactation seasons and social rank hierarchies were assessed by analysing aggressive interactions matrices with Matman 1.1 software. Aggressive interactions between related hinds was significantly smaller than expected (chi2 = 5.02, df = 1, p = 0.025), not only between mother and daughter but also in second and third kinship degrees. Although rates of aggressiveness were similar to data published relating free-ranging C. e. scoticus, aggressive interactions with relatives were significantly smaller (chi2 = 39.0, df = 1, p < 0.001). This reduction of aggressiveness between related hinds was not the result of these hinds having a lower social rank: social rank was only related to age and weight, but not to kinship degree, calf sex or calving date. The decrease of aggressiveness towards first-, second- and third-degree relatives shows a complex kin recognition system in deer. Possible nepotistic roles in lactation include preventing milk thefts by non-kin and disturbing feeding of unrelated hinds. | ||||
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| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4311 | ||
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