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Author Cruz, H. doi  openurl
  Title Towards a Darwinian Approach to Mathematics Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication Foundations of Science Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 11 Issue Pages 157-196  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 3441  
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Author Purpura, G.J. doi  openurl
  Title In Search of Human Uniqueness Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication Philosophical Psychology Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 19 Issue Pages 443-461  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 3435  
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Author Sickler, J.; Fraser, J.; Webler, T.; Reiss, D.; Boyle, P.; Lyn, H.; Lemcke, K.; Gruber, S. doi  openurl
  Title Social Narratives Surrounding Dolphins: Q Method Study Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication Society and Animals Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 14 Issue Pages 351-382  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 3431  
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Author Deecke, V.B. doi  openurl
  Title Studying Marine Mammal Cognition in the Wild: A Review of Four Decades of Playback Experiments Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication Aquatic Mammals Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 32 Issue Pages 461-482  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 3420  
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Author Gerber, B.; Hendel, T. doi  openurl
  Title Outcome expectations drive learned behaviour in larval Drosophila Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences Abbreviated Journal Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci.  
  Volume 273 Issue 1604 Pages 2965-2968  
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  Abstract Why does Pavlov's dog salivate? In response to the tone, or in expectation of food? While in vertebrates behaviour can be driven by expected outcomes, it is unknown whether this is true for non-vertebrates as well. We find that, in the Drosophila larva, odour memories are expressed behaviourally only if animals can expect a positive outcome from doing so. The expected outcome of tracking down an odour is determined by comparing the value of the current situation with the value of the memory for that odour. Memory is expressed behaviourally only if the expected outcome is positive. This uncovers a hitherto unrecognized evaluative processing step between an activated memory trace and behaviour control, and argues that learned behaviour reflects the pursuit of its expected outcome. Shown in a system with a simple brain, an apparently cognitive process like representing the expected outcome of behaviour seems to be a basic feature of behaviour control.  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 3525  
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Author Maple; , M.L.W.; Meredith J. Bashaw; Kimberly Fountain; Sarah Kieschnick; Terry L. doi  openurl
  Title Nocturnal behavior in a group of female African elephants Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication Zoo Biology Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 25 Issue 3 Pages 173-186  
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  Abstract The nocturnal behavior of a stable group of female, African elephants (Loxodonta africana africana) was studied to: (1) examine their behavior as a function of hour of night; (2) qualitatively compare the elephants' activity budgets to those reported in a previous study; and (3) document the presence of aggressive and stereotypic behaviors that might necessitate a change in their management. The elephants were systematically observed at least five times per week for 10 weeks between 17:00 and 08:00. Instantaneous focal samples of behavior, location, and proximity were taken every minute on a rotating basis, and all observed occurrences of social behavior were recorded. The hour of night affected elephant activity: significant relationships were found between hour of night and percent of time they spent feeding, lying, and standing. The overall activity budgets of the elephants were similar to the activity budgets reported in a previous study, although differences were evident in lying, stereotypic, and social behaviors. These differences might be a function of age. Affiliative behaviors accounted for 57% of the elephants' social behaviors, and agonistic behaviors among the elephants occurred infrequently and caused no injuries. Additionally, the elephants used all areas to which they had access. These findings provide compelling evidence that unrestricted social access during the night is the appropriate management strategy for these elephants. The results from the present study also highlight the importance of replicating existing studies and using multiple behavioral measures to make decisions regarding the welfare and management of stable groups of captive elephants. Zoo Biol 25:173-186, 2006. 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.  
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  ISSN 1098-2361 ISBN Medium  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Maple;2006 Serial 3551  
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Author Lewczuk, D.; Sloniewski, K.; Reklewski, Z. url  openurl
  Title Repeatability of the horse's jumping parameters with and without the rider Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication Livestock Science Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 99 Issue 2-3 Pages 125-130  
  Keywords Via; Jumping; Linear parameters; Stallion's test  
  Abstract The total number of 4323 jumps with and without the rider of 141 young stallions were filmed and measured using video image analysis. Horses were filmed on the doublebarre fence (100, 110 and 120 cm) with the same width of 90 cm. The style of jump was characterised by measurements of taking off and landing distances, as well as some measurements of the silhouette of the horse over the obstacle. The repeatability was 0.40-0.58 for distances of the jump's length, 0.37-0.56 for bascule's measurements and about 0.20 for legs' lifting above the fence. Traits measured under the rider and on the highest fences were more repeatable.  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 3969  
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Author Falewee, C.; Gaultier, E.; Lafont, C.; Bougrat, L.; Pageat, P. url  openurl
  Title Effect of a synthetic equine maternal pheromone during a controlled fear-eliciting situation Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.  
  Volume 101 Issue 1-2 Pages 144-153  
  Keywords Horses; Behaviour; Fear; Pheromone; Heart rate; Performance  
  Abstract Horses are known to show fear reactions when confronted with novelty and this can be a considerable hindrance in the context of working situations such as riding, dressage or racing. The aim of the present study was to measure the potential effects of a synthetic analogue of the Equine Appeasing Pheromone on saddled horses when subjected to a stressful situation using a double-blinded, placebo controlled study design. A group of 40 horses was analyzed during this study and horses were divided by sex, breed and reactivity into two homogenized groups. The test, which consisted of walking the horse through a fringed curtain, was selected from a range of tests which are used to assess behaviour for the selection of French breeding stock. Horses that could have been subjected to the test on a previous occasion, and therefore be familiar with it, were not included. Behavioural and physiological parameters were both taken into account with measures of time to go through the curtain, fear related typical behavioural patterns, based on available literature detailed in the bibliography, and heart rate being recorded. Parameters were analyzed by means of Mann-Whitney U-test. Significant differences were noticed between the two groups concerning heart rate data during the test (UMeanHR = 100.5, pMeanHR = 0.02; UMaxHR = 75, pMaxHR = 0.001) and during the whole measured period (UMeanHR = 67, pMeanHR = 0.005; UMaxHR = 58, pMaxHR = 0.002). Observation of the animals also revealed less behavioural items characteristic of fear within the treated group. As a result, horses performed the test with a better time performance when they received the pheromone analogue (U = 62, p = 0.002). The main parameter, area under the HR graph, is based on heart rate measure and performance. Differences noticed (U = 74, p = 0.002) for this parameter lead to the conclusion that horses who received EAP underwent less stress related consequences in terms of their cardiac physiology. As horses are subjected to a number of foreseeable stressful events this study suggests that the use of Equine Appeasing Pheromone could be a significant factor in improving the welfare of this species.  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 3992  
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Author Berger, K.M. url  doi
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  Title Carnivore-Livestock conflicts: effects of subsidized predator control and economic correlates on the sheep industry Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication Conserv Biol Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 20 Issue Pages  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Berger2006 Serial 6448  
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Author Nowak, S.; Jedrzejewski, W.; Schmidt, K.; Theuerkauf, J.; Myslajek, R.W.; Jedrzejewska, B. url  doi
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  Title Howling activity of free-ranging wolves (Canis lupus) in the Bialowieza Primeval Forest and the Western Beskidy Mountains (Poland) Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication J Ethol Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 25 Issue Pages  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Nowak2006 Serial 6459  
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