| Records |
| Author |
Stich, K.P.; Winter, Y. |
| Title |
Lack of generalization of object discrimination between spatial contexts by a bat |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2006 |
Publication |
J. Exp. Biol. |
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| Volume |
209 |
Issue |
23 |
Pages |
4802-4808 |
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| Abstract |
Discrimination and generalization are important elements of cognition in the daily lives of animals. Nectar-feeding bats detect flowers by olfaction and probably vision, but also use echolocation and echo-perception of flowers in immediate target surroundings. The echo received from an interference-rich flower corolla is a function of a bat's own relative position in space. This raises the question how easily a free-flying bat will generalize an echo stimulus from a learning situation to a new spatial context where differences in relative flight approach trajectories may lead to an unfamiliar spectral composition of the self-generated echoes. We trained free-flying Glossophaga soricina in echoacoustic discrimination in a two-alternative forced-choice (2-AFC) paradigm at location A. We then tested at location B for spontaneous transfer of discrimination ability. Bats did not spontaneously transfer the discrimination ability acquired at A to location B. This lack of spontaneous generalization may have been caused by factors of the underlying learning mechanisms. 2-AFC tasks may not be representative of the natural foraging behaviour of flower-visiting bats. In contrast to insect-eating bats that constantly evaluate the environment to detect unpredictable prey, the spatial stability of flowers may allow flower visitors to rely on spatial memory to guide foraging. The 2-AFC task requires the disregard (learned irrelevance) of salient spatial location cues that are different at each new location. In Glossophaga, a conjunction between spatial context and 2-AFC discrimination learning may have inhibited the transfer of learned irrelevance of spatial location in the 2-AFC task to new spatial locations. Alternatively, the bats may have learnt the second discrimination task completely anew, and were faster only because of an acquired learning set. We suggest a dissociation between 2-AFC task acquisition and novel object discrimination learning to resolve the issue. |
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10.1242/jeb.02574 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2962 |
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Brembs, B.; Wiener, J. |
| Title |
Context and occasion setting in Drosophila visual learning |
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Journal Article |
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2006 |
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Learn. Mem. |
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13 |
Issue |
5 |
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618-628 |
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In a permanently changing environment, it is by no means an easy task to distinguish potentially important events from negligible ones. Yet, to survive, every animal has to continuously face that challenge. How does the brain accomplish this feat? Building on previous work in Drosophila melanogaster visual learning, we have developed an experimental methodology in which combinations of visual stimuli (colors and patterns) can be arranged such that the same stimuli can either be directly predictive, indirectly predictive, or nonpredictive of punishment. Varying this relationship, we found that wild-type flies can establish different memory templates for the same contextual color cues. The colors can either leave no trace in the pattern memory template, leading to context-independent pattern memory (context generalization), or be learned as a higher-order cue indicating the nature of the pattern-heat contingency leading to context-dependent memory (occasion setting) or serve as a conditioned stimulus predicting the punishment directly (simple conditioning). In transgenic flies with compromised mushroom-body function, the sensitivity to these subtle variations is altered. Our methodology constitutes a new concept for designing learning experiments. Our findings suggest that the insect mushroom bodies stabilize visual memories against context changes and are not required for cognition-like higher-order learning. |
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10.1101/lm.318606 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2963 |
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Clayton NS; Dickinson A |
| Title |
Rational rats |
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Journal Article |
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2006 |
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Science |
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Science |
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9 |
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472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3061 |
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Saleh, N.; Chittka, L. |
| Title |
The importance of experience in the interpretation of conspecific chemical signals |
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Journal Article |
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2006 |
Publication |
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |
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Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
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61 |
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2 |
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215-220 |
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Abstract Foraging bumblebees scent mark flowers with hydrocarbon secretions. Several studies have found these scent marks act as a repellent to bee foragers. This was thought to minimize the risk of visiting recently depleted flowers. Some studies, however, have found a reverse, attractive effect of scent marks left on flowers. Do bees mark flowers with different scents, or could the same scent be interpreted differently depending on the bees? previous experience with reward levels in flowers? We use a simple experimental design to investigate if the scent marks can become attractive when bees forage on artificial flowers that remain rewarding upon the bees? return after having depleted them. We contrast this with bees trained in the more natural scenario where revisits to recently emptied flowers are unrewarding. The bees association between scent mark and reward value was tested with flowers scent marked from the same source. We find that the bees experience with the level of reward determines how the scent mark is interpreted: the same scent can act as both an attractant and a repellent. How experience and learning influence the interpretation of the meaning of chemical signals deposited by animals for communication has rarely been investigated. |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3150 |
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| Author |
Ottoni, E.; de Resende, B.; Izar, P. |
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Erratum |
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Journal Article |
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2006 |
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Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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9 |
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2 |
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156-156 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3258 |
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Bekoff, M. |
| Title |
Animal Passions And Beastly Virtues: Cognitive Ethology As The Unifying Science For Understanding The Subjective, Emotional, Empathic, And Moral Lives Of Animals |
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2006 |
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Zygon |
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41 |
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71-104 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3445 |
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Cruz, H. |
| Title |
Towards a Darwinian Approach to Mathematics |
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2006 |
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Foundations of Science |
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11 |
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157-196 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3441 |
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Purpura, G.J. |
| Title |
In Search of Human Uniqueness |
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2006 |
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Philosophical Psychology |
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19 |
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443-461 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3435 |
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Sickler, J.; Fraser, J.; Webler, T.; Reiss, D.; Boyle, P.; Lyn, H.; Lemcke, K.; Gruber, S. |
| Title |
Social Narratives Surrounding Dolphins: Q Method Study |
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2006 |
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Society and Animals |
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14 |
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351-382 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3431 |
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Deecke, V.B. |
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Studying Marine Mammal Cognition in the Wild: A Review of Four Decades of Playback Experiments |
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2006 |
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Aquatic Mammals |
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32 |
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461-482 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3420 |
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