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Author  |
Shultz, S.; Dunbar, R.I.M. | ||||
| Title | Both social and ecological factors predict ungulate brain size | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Proceedings. Biological Sciences / The Royal Society | Abbreviated Journal | Proc Biol Sci |
| Volume | 273 | Issue | 1583 | Pages | 207-215 |
| Keywords | Animals; Artiodactyla/*anatomy & histology/*physiology; Brain/*anatomy & histology/physiology; *Ecosystem; Organ Size; Perissodactyla/*anatomy & histology/*physiology; *Social Behavior | ||||
| Abstract | Among mammals, the members of some Orders have relatively large brains. Alternative explanations for this have emphasized either social or ecological selection pressures favouring greater information-processing capacities, including large group size, greater foraging efficiency, higher innovation rates, better invasion success and complex problem solving. However, the focal taxa for these analyses (primates, carnivores and birds) often show both varied ecological competence and social complexity. Here, we focus on the specific relationship between social complexity and brain size in ungulates, a group with relatively simple patterns of resource use, but extremely varied social behaviours. The statistical approach we used, phylogenetic generalized least squares, showed that relative brain size was independently associated with sociality and social complexity as well as with habitat use, while relative neocortex size is associated with social but not ecological factors. A simple index of sociality was a better predictor of both total brain and neocortex size than group size, which may indicate that the cognitive demands of sociality depend on the nature of social relationships as well as the total number of individuals in a group. | ||||
| Address | School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK. susanne.shultz@liv.ac.uk | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0962-8452 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:16555789 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 2098 | |||
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| Author |
Shoshani, J.; Kupsky, W.J.; Marchant, G.H. | ||||
| Title | Elephant brain. Part I: gross morphology, functions, comparative anatomy, and evolution | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Brain Research Bulletin | Abbreviated Journal | Brain Res Bull |
| Volume | 70 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 124-157 |
| Keywords | Animals; Brain/*anatomy & histology/blood supply/*physiology; Cats; Chinchilla; Elephants/*anatomy & histology/*physiology; Equidae; *Evolution; Female; Guinea Pigs; Haplorhini; Humans; Hyraxes; Male; Pan troglodytes; Sheep; Wolves | ||||
| Abstract | We report morphological data on brains of four African, Loxodonta africana, and three Asian elephants, Elephas maximus, and compare findings to literature. Brains exhibit a gyral pattern more complex and with more numerous gyri than in primates, humans included, and in carnivores, but less complex than in cetaceans. Cerebral frontal, parietal, temporal, limbic, and insular lobes are well developed, whereas the occipital lobe is relatively small. The insula is not as opercularized as in man. The temporal lobe is disproportionately large and expands laterally. Humans and elephants have three parallel temporal gyri: superior, middle, and inferior. Hippocampal sizes in elephants and humans are comparable, but proportionally smaller in elephant. A possible carotid rete was observed at the base of the brain. Brain size appears to be related to body size, ecology, sociality, and longevity. Elephant adult brain averages 4783 g, the largest among living and extinct terrestrial mammals; elephant neonate brain averages 50% of its adult brain weight (25% in humans). Cerebellar weight averages 18.6% of brain (1.8 times larger than in humans). During evolution, encephalization quotient has increased by 10-fold (0.2 for extinct Moeritherium, approximately 2.0 for extant elephants). We present 20 figures of the elephant brain, 16 of which contain new material. Similarities between human and elephant brains could be due to convergent evolution; both display mosaic characters and are highly derived mammals. Humans and elephants use and make tools and show a range of complex learning skills and behaviors. In elephants, the large amount of cerebral cortex, especially in the temporal lobe, and the well-developed olfactory system, structures associated with complex learning and behavioral functions in humans, may provide the substrate for such complex skills and behavior. | ||||
| Address | Department of Biology, University of Asmara, P.O. Box 1220, Asmara, Eritrea (Horn of Africa). hezy@bio.uoa.edu.er | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0361-9230 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:16782503 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2623 | ||
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| Author |
Shi, J.; Dunbar, R. | ||||
| Title | Feeding competition within a feral goat population on the Isle of Rum, NW Scotland | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Journal of Ethology | Abbreviated Journal | J. Ethol. |
| Volume | 24 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 117-124 |
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| Abstract | This study investigated feeding competition within and between different age-sex classes of feral goats (Capra hircus) on the Isle of Rum (northwest Scotland) from August to November 2000 (inclusive). Although contests in a feeding context were common, most were relatively passive: little overt agonistic behaviour was observed between opponents and the distance between feeding animals involved did not change significantly after an interaction. Month (but not sex or habitat type) had a significant effect on feeding interaction rates, and the proportion of interactions involving more intense forms of conflict was highest in November when forage availability was beginning to decline. The results show that the initiator won most feeding encounters, with adult males being dominant over females. The ability to win conflicts increased with age for both males and females. However, it decreased sharply for adult males older than 5 years, which may, in part, explain the reduced overwinter survival of these individuals. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 805 | ||
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| Author |
Senior, J.M.; Pinchbeck, G.L.; Allister, R.; Dugdale, A.H.A.; Clark, L.; Clutton, R.E.; Coumbe, K.; Dyson, S.; Clegg, P.D. | ||||
| Title | Post anaesthetic colic in horses: a preventable complication? | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Equine Veterinary Journal | Abbreviated Journal | Equine Vet J |
| Volume | 38 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 479-484 |
| Keywords | Anesthesia/adverse effects/*veterinary; Animals; Case-Control Studies; Colic/chemically induced/epidemiology/prevention & control/*veterinary; Confidence Intervals; Fasting; Fecal Impaction/complications/epidemiology/veterinary; Horse Diseases/chemically induced/*epidemiology/prevention & control; Horses; Logistic Models; Multivariate Analysis; Odds Ratio; Postoperative Complications/chemically induced/epidemiology/prevention & control/*veterinary; Predictive Value of Tests; Prevalence; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors | ||||
| Abstract | REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: There is little information on the prevalence of, and risk factors associated with, post anaesthetic colic (PAC) in horses undergoing nonabdominal operations. OBJECTIVES: To undertake the first prospective study of prevalence of PAC and identify risk factors in its development in nonabdominal procedures. METHODS: A multicentre prospective case-control study was conducted, on every horse undergoing anaesthesia for a nonabdominal procedure between April 2004 and June 2005. Colic cases were defined as any horse with recognised signs of abdominal pain within 72 h of general anaesthesia that could not be attributed to any concurrent disease. Five control horses per case were selected randomly from the study population at all hospitals. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between predictor variables and the risk of developing PAC. RESULTS: The estimated mean prevalence of PAC in the study population was 5.2% (95% CI, 2.8, 8.0). However, the prevalence of colic varied between each centre. The most commonly diagnosed cause of colic was impaction. Multivariable analyses showed that the centre involved and the type of surgery performed were associated with an increased risk of PAC. Preoperative food deprivation and the use of opioid drugs were confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of PAC varied significantly between the 4 hospitals studied; there may be hospital-related covariates that account for this. The type of surgery performed influenced the risk of PAC. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Identifying the risk factors for PAC is a prerequisite for its prevention. This study indicates horses at increased risk of PAC that might benefit from a more critical evaluation of post anaesthetic gastrointestinal function and/or the provision of preventative measures. Further investigation is required to explain the variation in prevalence of PAC between centres. | ||||
| Address | Institutes of Evolution, Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, UK | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0425-1644 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:16986610 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 1860 | |||
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| Author |
Seed AM; Tebbich S; Emery NJ; Clayton NS | ||||
| Title | Investigating physical cognition in rooks (Corvus frugilegus) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Current Biology | Abbreviated Journal | Curr. Biol. |
| Volume | 16 | Issue | 7 | Pages | 697-701 |
| Keywords | Sysneuro | ||||
| Abstract | Summary Although animals (particularly tool-users) are capable of solving physical tasks in the laboratory and the degree to which they understand them in terms of their underlying physical forces is a matter of contention. Here, using a new paradigm, the two-trap tube task, we report the performance of non-tool-using rooks. In contrast to the low success rates of previous studies using trap-tube problems , , and , seven out of eight rooks solved the initial task, and did so rapidly. Instead of the usual, conceptually flawed control, we used a series of novel transfer tasks to test for understanding. All seven transferred their solution across a change in stimuli. However, six out of seven were unable to transfer to two further tasks, which did not share any one visual constant. One female was able to solve these further transfer tasks. Her result is suggestive evidence that rooks are capable of sophisticated physical cognition, if not through an understanding of unobservable forces and , perhaps through rule abstraction. Our results highlight the need to investigate cognitive mechanisms other than causal understanding in studying animal physical cognition. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3076 | ||
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| Author |
Scott, L.D. | ||||
| Title | Living donor liver transplant--is the horse already out of the barn? | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | The American Journal of Gastroenterology | Abbreviated Journal | Am J Gastroenterol |
| Volume | 101 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 686-688 |
| Keywords | Guidelines; Humans; Informed Consent; Liver Transplantation/*ethics; Living Donors/*ethics; Patient Selection; Risk Factors; Tissue and Organ Harvesting; Truth Disclosure | ||||
| Abstract | |||||
| Address | Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0002-9270 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:16635214 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 1874 | |||
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| Author |
Schwab, C.; Huber, L. | ||||
| Title | Obey or not obey? Dogs (Canis familiaris) behave differently in response to attentional states of their owners | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Journal of Comparative Psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983) | Abbreviated Journal | J Comp Psychol |
| Volume | 120 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 169-175 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Attention; Awareness; *Bonding, Human-Pet; *Cooperative Behavior; Cues; Dogs/*psychology; Humans; Motivation; *Nonverbal Communication; Social Perception; *Speech Perception; *Verbal Behavior | ||||
| Abstract | Sixteen domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) were tested in a familiar context in a series of 1-min trials on how well they obeyed after being told by their owner to lie down. Food was used in 1/3 of all trials, and during the trial the owner engaged in 1 of 5 activities. The dogs behaved differently depending on the owner's attention to them. When being watched by the owner, the dogs stayed lying down most often and/or for the longest time compared with when the owner read a book, watched TV, turned his or her back on them, or left the room. These results indicate that the dogs sensed the attentional state of their owners by judging observable behavioral cues such as eye contact and eye, head, and body orientation. | ||||
| Address | Department for Behavior, Neurobiology and Cognition, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. cpriberskyschwab@yahoo.de | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0735-7036 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:16893253 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4961 | ||
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| Author |
Schiele, K. A. L. M. | ||||
| Title | Einfluss reduzierter Futterzuteilung zweier verschiedener Heuqualitäten auf Passagedauer und Verdaulichkeit bei Ponies | Type | Manuscript | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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| Abstract | Über die Auswirkungen der Futtermenge und der Futterqualität auf die scheinbare Verdaulichkeit und die mittlere Retentionszeit beim Pferd gibt es zahlreiche Arbeiten mit zum Teil recht widersprüchlichen Ergebnissen. So existiert eine Hypothese, wonach bei geringerer Energiedichte im Futter die TS-Aufnahme steigt und die mittlere Retentionszeit abnimmt. Dadurch soll bei Equiden eine ausreichende Energieaufnahme trotz geringer Energiedichte im Futter erreicht werden (JANIS 1976, DUNCAN et al.1990). In nahezu allen Studien zu diesem Thema wurden Futter mit unterschiedlichem Nährstoffgehalt bei konstanter Futteraufnahme bzw. ad libitum Fütterung untersucht. Nur bei PEARSON et al. (2001 und 2006) findet sich für jedes Futter ein Vergleich von zwei verschiedenen Futtermengen, nämlich ad libitum und 70% der ad libitum Futteraufnahme. Systematische Untersuchungen bei Pferden zu Futtermengen, die unterhalb des Erhaltungsbedarfes liegen, fehlen bisher. In der vorliegenden Arbeit sollen deshalb im Wesentlichen drei Fragen geklärt werden: · Gibt es einen Einfluss von Futtermengen unterhalb des Erhaltungsbedarfes auf die mittlere Retentionszeit? · Haben Veränderungen der mittleren Retentionszeit einen Einfluss auf die scheinbare Verdaulichkeit? · Wie unterscheiden sich diese Effekte in Abhängigkeit von der Futterzusammensetzung? Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie sollen vor allem bezüglich ihrer Auswirkungen auf die praktische Pferdefütterung betrachtet werden. |
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| Corporate Author | Thesis | Doctoral thesis | |||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4952 | ||
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| Author |
Scheibe, K.M.; Gromann, C. | ||||
| Title | Application testing of a new three-dimensional acceleration measuring system with wireless data transfer (WAS) for behavior analysis | Type | |||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Behavior research methods | Abbreviated Journal | Behav Res Methods |
| Volume | 38 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 427-433 |
| Keywords | Acceleration; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Cattle; Cattle Diseases/*diagnosis; Computer Communication Networks/*instrumentation; Forelimb/physiopathology; Fractals; Hindlimb/physiopathology; Horse Diseases/*diagnosis; Horses; Imaging, Three-Dimensional/instrumentation/methods/veterinary; Lameness, Animal/*diagnosis; Monitoring, Ambulatory/instrumentation/*methods; Motor Activity; Movement; Pattern Recognition, Automated/methods | ||||
| Abstract | A wireless acceleration measurement system was applied to free-moving cows and horses. Sensors were available as a collar and a flat box for measuring leg or trunk movements. Results were transmitted simultaneously by radio or stored in an 8-MB internal memory. As analytical procedures, frequency distributions with standard deviations, spectral analyses, and fractal analyses were applied. Bymeans of the collar sensor, basic behavior patterns (standing, grazing, walking, ruminating, drinking, and hay uptake) could be identified in cows. Lameness could be detected in cows and horses by means of the leg sensor. The portion of basic and harmonic spectral components was reduced; the fractal dimension was reduced. The system can be used for the detection and analysis of even small movements of free-moving humans or animals over several hours. It is convenient for the analysis of basic behaviors, emotional reactions, or events causing flight or fright or for comparing different housing elements, such as floors or fences. | ||||
| Address | Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany. kscheibe@izw-berlin.de | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 1554-351X | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:17186752 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 1775 | |||
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| Author |
Scheffer, M.; van Nes, E.H. | ||||
| Title | Self-organized similarity, the evolutionary emergence of groups of similar species | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
| Volume | 103 | Issue | 16 | Pages | 6230-6235 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Competitive Behavior; *Ecosystem; *Evolution; *Models, Biological | ||||
| Abstract | Ecologists have long been puzzled by the fact that there are so many similar species in nature. Here we show that self-organized clusters of look-a-likes may emerge spontaneously from coevolution of competitors. The explanation is that there are two alternative ways to survive together: being sufficiently different or being sufficiently similar. Using a model based on classical competition theory, we demonstrate a tendency for evolutionary emergence of regularly spaced lumps of similar species along a niche axis. Indeed, such lumpy patterns are commonly observed in size distributions of organisms ranging from algae, zooplankton, and beetles to birds and mammals, and could not be well explained by earlier theory. Our results suggest that these patterns may represent self-constructed niches emerging from competitive interactions. A corollary of our findings is that, whereas in species-poor communities sympatric speciation and invasion of open niches is possible, species-saturated communities may be characterized by convergent evolution and invasion by look-a-likes. | ||||
| Address | Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8080, 6700 DD, Wageningen, The Netherlands. marten.scheffer@wur.nl | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0027-8424 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:16585519 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 510 | ||
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