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Author Brembs, B.; Wiener, J. url  openurl
  Title Context and occasion setting in Drosophila visual learning Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication Learn. Mem. Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 13 Issue 5 Pages 618-628  
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  Abstract In a permanently changing environment, it is by no means an easy task to distinguish potentially important events from negligible ones. Yet, to survive, every animal has to continuously face that challenge. How does the brain accomplish this feat? Building on previous work in Drosophila melanogaster visual learning, we have developed an experimental methodology in which combinations of visual stimuli (colors and patterns) can be arranged such that the same stimuli can either be directly predictive, indirectly predictive, or nonpredictive of punishment. Varying this relationship, we found that wild-type flies can establish different memory templates for the same contextual color cues. The colors can either leave no trace in the pattern memory template, leading to context-independent pattern memory (context generalization), or be learned as a higher-order cue indicating the nature of the pattern-heat contingency leading to context-dependent memory (occasion setting) or serve as a conditioned stimulus predicting the punishment directly (simple conditioning). In transgenic flies with compromised mushroom-body function, the sensitivity to these subtle variations is altered. Our methodology constitutes a new concept for designing learning experiments. Our findings suggest that the insect mushroom bodies stabilize visual memories against context changes and are not required for cognition-like higher-order learning.  
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  Notes 10.1101/lm.318606 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2963  
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Author Clayton NS; Dickinson A openurl 
  Title Rational rats Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication Science Abbreviated Journal Science  
  Volume 9 Issue Pages 472  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3061  
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Author Saleh, N.; Chittka, L. doi  openurl
  Title The importance of experience in the interpretation of conspecific chemical signals Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Abbreviated Journal Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.  
  Volume 61 Issue 2 Pages 215-220  
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  Abstract Abstract&nbsp;&nbsp;Foraging bumblebees scent mark flowers with hydrocarbon secretions. Several studies have found these scent marks act as a repellent to bee foragers. This was thought to minimize the risk of visiting recently depleted flowers. Some studies, however, have found a reverse, attractive effect of scent marks left on flowers. Do bees mark flowers with different scents, or could the same scent be interpreted differently depending on the bees? previous experience with reward levels in flowers? We use a simple experimental design to investigate if the scent marks can become attractive when bees forage on artificial flowers that remain rewarding upon the bees? return after having depleted them. We contrast this with bees trained in the more natural scenario where revisits to recently emptied flowers are unrewarding. The bees association between scent mark and reward value was tested with flowers scent marked from the same source. We find that the bees experience with the level of reward determines how the scent mark is interpreted: the same scent can act as both an attractant and a repellent. How experience and learning influence the interpretation of the meaning of chemical signals deposited by animals for communication has rarely been investigated.  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3150  
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Author Ottoni, E.; de Resende, B.; Izar, P. doi  openurl
  Title Erratum Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication Animal Cognition Abbreviated Journal Anim. Cogn.  
  Volume 9 Issue 2 Pages 156-156  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3258  
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Author Bekoff, M. doi  openurl
  Title Animal Passions And Beastly Virtues: Cognitive Ethology As The Unifying Science For Understanding The Subjective, Emotional, Empathic, And Moral Lives Of Animals Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication Zygon Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 41 Issue Pages 71-104  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 3445  
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Author Cruz, H. doi  openurl
  Title Towards a Darwinian Approach to Mathematics Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication Foundations of Science Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 11 Issue Pages 157-196  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 3441  
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Author Purpura, G.J. doi  openurl
  Title In Search of Human Uniqueness Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication Philosophical Psychology Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 19 Issue Pages 443-461  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 3435  
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Author Sickler, J.; Fraser, J.; Webler, T.; Reiss, D.; Boyle, P.; Lyn, H.; Lemcke, K.; Gruber, S. doi  openurl
  Title Social Narratives Surrounding Dolphins: Q Method Study Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication Society and Animals Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 14 Issue Pages 351-382  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 3431  
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Author Deecke, V.B. doi  openurl
  Title Studying Marine Mammal Cognition in the Wild: A Review of Four Decades of Playback Experiments Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication Aquatic Mammals Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 32 Issue Pages 461-482  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 3420  
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Author Gerber, B.; Hendel, T. doi  openurl
  Title Outcome expectations drive learned behaviour in larval Drosophila Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences Abbreviated Journal Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci.  
  Volume 273 Issue 1604 Pages 2965-2968  
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  Abstract Why does Pavlov's dog salivate? In response to the tone, or in expectation of food? While in vertebrates behaviour can be driven by expected outcomes, it is unknown whether this is true for non-vertebrates as well. We find that, in the Drosophila larva, odour memories are expressed behaviourally only if animals can expect a positive outcome from doing so. The expected outcome of tracking down an odour is determined by comparing the value of the current situation with the value of the memory for that odour. Memory is expressed behaviourally only if the expected outcome is positive. This uncovers a hitherto unrecognized evaluative processing step between an activated memory trace and behaviour control, and argues that learned behaviour reflects the pursuit of its expected outcome. Shown in a system with a simple brain, an apparently cognitive process like representing the expected outcome of behaviour seems to be a basic feature of behaviour control.  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 3525  
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