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| Author |
Apfelbach, R.; Blanchard, C.D.; Blanchard, R.J.; Hayes, R.A.; McGregor, I.S. |
| Title |
The effects of predator odors in mammalian prey species: A review of field and laboratory studies |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews |
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| Volume |
29 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages |
1123-1144 |
| Keywords |
Behavioral suppression; Defensive behavior; Endocrine effects; Neural effects; Predator odor; Small mammals |
| Abstract |
Prey species show specific adaptations that allow recognition, avoidance and defense against predators. For many mammalian species this includes sensitivity towards predator-derived odors. The typical sources of such odors include predator skin and fur, urine, feces and anal gland secretions. Avoidance of predator odors has been observed in many mammalian prey species including rats, mice, voles, deer, rabbits, gophers, hedgehogs, possums and sheep. Field and laboratory studies show that predator odors have distinctive behavioral effects which include (1) inhibition of activity, (2) suppression of non-defensive behaviors such as foraging, feeding and grooming, and (3) shifts to habitats or secure locations where such odors are not present. The repellent effect of predator odors in the field may sometimes be of practical use in the protection of crops and natural resources, although not all attempts at this have been successful. The failure of some studies to obtain repellent effects with predator odors may relate to (1) mismatches between the predator odors and prey species employed, (2) strain and individual differences in sensitivity to predator odors, and (3) the use of predator odors that have low efficacy. In this regard, a small number of recent studies have suggested that skin and fur-derived predator odors may have a more profound lasting effect on prey species than those derived from urine or feces. Predator odors can have powerful effects on the endocrine system including a suppression of testosterone and increased levels of stress hormones such as corticosterone and ACTH. Inhibitory effects of predator odors on reproductive behavior have been demonstrated, and these are particularly prevalent in female rodent species. Pregnant female rodents exposed to predator odors may give birth to smaller litters while exposure to predator odors during early life can hinder normal development. Recent research is starting to uncover the neural circuitry activated by predator odors, leading to hypotheses about how such activation leads to observable effects on reproduction, foraging and feeding. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. |
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School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4565 |
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Grogan, E.H.; McDonnell, S.M. |
| Title |
Mare and Foal Bonding and Problems |
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Journal Article |
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2005 |
Publication |
Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice |
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4 |
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3 |
Pages |
228-237 |
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Equine; bonding; behavior; mare; neonatal; foal; inadequate maternal behavior; orphan foal; nurse or foster mare |
| Abstract |
A number of specific behavioral responses have been identified in mares and foals as the presumed behavioral interactive sequences supporting bonding. With the exception of the severely physically compromised foal, most failures of the mare foal bond appear to result from inadequate behavior of the mare. Six distinct forms of maternal behavior problems include ambivalence of the mare toward her foal, fear of the foal, nursing only avoidance of the foal, extreme protectiveness of the foal that becomes problematic in domestic confinement, savage attack (true rejection), and stealing or adoption of an alien foal. Management of maternal behavior problem cases in which the pair cannot be salvaged include foster (or nurse mares) and hand-rearing methods. Also presented are current practical resources related to managing certain types of inadequate maternal behavior and for rearing the orphaned foal. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4671 |
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Tizo-Pedroso, E.; Del-Claro, K. |
| Title |
Matriphagy In The Neotropical Pseudoscorpion Paratemnoides Nidificator (Balzan 1888) (Atemnidae) |
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Journal Article |
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2005 |
Publication |
Journal of Arachnology |
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33 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
873-877 |
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We studied the natural history and social behavior of Paratemnoides nidificator (Balzan 1888) in a tropical savanna system. Females were responsible for all nymphal care. We observed, for the first time in pseudoscorpions, the occurrence of matriphagy behavior by the offspring. During conditions of food deprivation, the mother went out of the nest and passively awaited the protonymphs' attack, not reacting to the capture nor to the nymphs feeding on her body. We suggest that this extreme form of parental care, matriphagy, can reduce cannibalism among protonymphs and facilitate the evolution of social behavior in pseudoscorpions. RESUMO Nos estudamos a historia natural e o comportamento social de Paratemnoides nidificator (Balzan 1888) na regiao dos cerrados. As femeas foram responsaveis por todo o cuidado as ninfas. Nos observamos, pela primeira vez em pseudoescorpioes, a ocorrencia de matrifagia pela prole. Em condicoes de fome, a mae deixa o ninho e passivamente espera que as protoninfas a ataquem, nao reagindo nem a captura, nem a alimentacao das ninfas sobre seu corpo. Nos sugerimos que esta forma extrema de cuidado parental, matrifagia, possa reduzir o canibalismo entre as protoninfas e assim facilitar a evolucao de comportamento social em pseudoescorpioes. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4718 |
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| Author |
Mills, D.S.; McDonnell, S. M. (eds) |
| Title |
The Domestic Horse |
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Book Whole |
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2005 |
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Humans have had a profound influence on the horse since its domestication in the late Neolithic period. Used for transport, labour, food and recreation, horses have become important in many facets of our society. Daniel Mills and Sue McDonnell have produced an exceptional account of our current knowledge of the development and management of the behaviour of the horse, from its wild roots. The Domestic Horse brings together, for the first time, an unrivalled collection of international scientific authors to write on the latest findings concerning the behaviour and welfare of this beautiful animal. Illustrated throughout, The Domestic Horse will appeal to animal scientists, those working with horses in a professional capacity and the owner/enthusiast. It also provides sound complementary reading for animal/equine science courses and veterinary students. |
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Cambridge University Press |
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Camebridge |
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Mills, D.S.; McDonnell, S. M. |
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9780521891134 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4750 |
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Landaeta-Hernández, A. J.; Chenoweth, P. J.; Randles, R.; Littell, R.; Rae, O.; Chase, C. C. |
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Identifying the social dominance order in a mixed breed herd: a practical methodology |
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Journal Article |
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2005 |
Publication |
Revista Científica |
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Revista Científica |
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15 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
148-154 |
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Cattle, behavior, social organization |
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The major objective of this study was to identify a simple and accurate method of assessing differences in female social status. Three methods of estimating dominance value (DV) were compared in beef cows of three breed-types; Angus (A; n=10), Brahman (B; n=10), and Senepol (S; n=10). Cows were equitably assigned to two groups of fifteen each, allocated into separate pastures and containing equal number of animals by breed. Agonistic interactions were recorded for 45 d of study, in two 1 h periods during concentrate feeding using the method of competitive orders winner/loser. Methods of estimating DV included: I) Ratio between individuals dominated and total encountered, II) Ratio between encounters won to total encounters, III) Proportion of individuals dominated to total herdmates. Due to the different level of interactivity evidenced among animals as well as between and within social orders, method III with subsequent arc-sin transformation was considered as the most practical and accurate method for estimating DV and subsequent allocation of cows into a social dominance order. In addition, a breed effect was found on social dominance. Senepol cows obtained greater DV`s (1.24 ± 0.08) than Angus (0.97 ± 0.08; P<0.03) and Brahman cows (0.76 ± 0.08; P<0.005). |
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0798-2259 |
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yes |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4753 |
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Hausberger, M.; Richard-Yris, M.-A. |
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Individual differences in the domestic horse, origins, development and stability |
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Book Chapter |
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2005 |
Publication |
The domestic horse : the origins, development, and management of its behaviour |
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33-52 |
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Cambridge University Press 2005 |
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Cambridge |
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Mills, D.S.; McDonnell, |
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13 978-0-521-81414-6 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Feh2005 |
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4819 |
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Cooper, J.J.; Albentosa, M.J. |
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Behavioural adaptation in the domestic horse: potential role of apparently abnormal responses including stereotypic behaviour |
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Journal Article |
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2005 |
Publication |
Livestock Production Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Livest. Prod. Sci. |
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92 |
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2 |
Pages |
177-182 |
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Behavioural adaptation; Horse; Stereotypic behaviour |
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Classically, biologists have considered adaptation of behavioural characteristics in terms of long-term functional benefits to the individual, such as survival or reproductive fitness. In captive species, including the domestic horse, this level of explanation is limited, as for the most part, horses are housed in conditions that differ markedly from those in which they evolved. In addition, an individual horse's reproductive fitness is largely determined by man rather than its own behavioural strategies. Perhaps for reasons of this kind, explanations of behavioural adaptation to environmental challenges by domestic animals, including the capacity to learn new responses to these challenges, tend to concentrate on the proximate causes of behaviour. However, understanding the original function of these adaptive responses can help us explain why animals perform apparently novel or functionless activities in certain housing conditions and may help us to appreciate what the animal welfare implications might be. This paper reviews the behavioural adaptation of the domestic horse to captivity and discusses how apparently abnormal behaviour may not only provide a useful practical indicator of specific environmental deficiencies but may also serve the animal as an adaptive response to these deficiencies in an “abnormal” environment. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4829 |
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Gácsi, M; Györi, B; Miklósi, Á; Virányi, Z; Kubinyi, E; Topál,J; Csányi, V |
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Species-specific differences and similarities in the behavior of hand-raised dog and wolf pups in social situations with humans |
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Journal Article |
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2005 |
Publication |
Developmental Psychobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Dev Psychobiol |
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47 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
111-122 |
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hand-raising • domestication • inborn social preferences • communicative signals • dog • wolf |
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In order to reveal early species-specific differences, we observed the behavior of dog puppies (n = 11) and wolf pups (n = 13) hand raised and intensively socialized in an identical way. The pups were studied in two object-preference tests at age 3, 4, and 5 weeks. After a short isolation, we observed the subjects' behavior in the presence of a pair of objects, one was always the subject's human foster parent (caregiver) and the other was varied; nursing bottle (3 weeks), unfamiliar adult dog (3 and 5 weeks), unfamiliar experimenter (4 and 5 weeks), and familiar conspecific age mate (4 weeks). Dogs and wolves did not differ in their general activity level during the tests. Wolf pups showed preference for the proximity of the caregiver in two of the tests; Bottle-Caregiver at the age of 3 weeks and Experimenter-Caregiver at the age of 5 weeks, while dogs showed preference to the caregiver in three tests; conspecific Pup-Caregiver and Experimenter-Caregiver at the age of 4 weeks and dog-caregiver at the age of 5. Compared to wolves, dogs tended to display more communicative signals that could potentially facilitate social interactions, such as distress vocalization, tail wagging, and gazing at the humans' face. In contrast to dog puppies, wolf pups showed aggressive behavior toward a familiar experimenter and also seemed to be more prone to avoidance. Our results demonstrate that already at this early age - despite unprecedented intensity of socialization and the comparable social (human) environment during early development - there are specific behavioral differences between wolves and dogs mostly with regard to their interactions with humans. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 47 – 111-122, 2005. |
| Address |
Department of Ethology, Eötvös University, Budapest, Pázmány P. 1/c. 1117 Hungary; Comparative Ethology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Pázmány P. 1/c. 1117 Hungary |
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Copyright © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4985 |
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Parr, L.A.; Waller, B.M.; Fugate, J. |
| Title |
Emotional communication in primates: implications for neurobiology |
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Journal Article |
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2005 |
Publication |
Current Opinion in Neurobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. |
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15 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
716-720 |
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The social brain hypothesis proposes that large neocortex size in Homonoids evolved to cope with the increasing demands of complex group living and greater numbers of interindividual relationships. Group living requires that individuals communicate effectively about environmental and internal events. Recent data have highlighted the complexity of chimpanzee communication, including graded facial expressions and referential vocalizations. Among Hominoids, elaborate facial communication is accompanied by specializations in brain areas controlling facial movement. Finally, the evolution of empathy, or emotional awareness, might have a neural basis in specialized cells in the neocortex, that is, spindle cells that have been associated with self-conscious emotions, and mirror neurons that have recently been shown to activate in response to communicative facial gestures. |
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0959-4388 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5059 |
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Momozawa, Y.; Kusunose, R.; Kikusui, T.; Takeuchi, Y.; Mori, Y. |
| Title |
Assessment of equine temperament questionnaire by comparing factor structure between two separate surveys |
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Journal Article |
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2005 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume |
92 |
Issue |
1-2 |
Pages |
77-84 |
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Anxiety; Factor analysis; Horses; Questionnaires; Temperament |
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To establish a method for assessing equine temperament by use of a questionnaire, we carried out two surveys. The subject animals were all thoroughbreds maintained at the same farm. Respondents were the primary caretaker and two colleagues working with each horse. Factor analysis was performed on the responses to each survey. In both surveys, five factors were extracted and four of them were common between the two surveys. The common factors were [`]Anxiety', [`]Trainability', [`]Affability', and [`]Gate entrance'. There were sufficient internal consistencies in responses about [`]Anxiety', [`]Trainability', and [`]Affability' in the two surveys to indicate the validity of this questionnaire in evaluating these factors in equine temperament. |
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0168-1591 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5063 |
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