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Nicol, C.J.; Badnell-Waters, A.J.; Bice, R.; Kelland, A.; Wilson, A.D.; Harris, P.A. | ||||
| Title | The effects of diet and weaning method on the behaviour of young horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 95 | Issue | 3-4 | Pages | 205-221 |
| Keywords | Horse; Diet; Weaning; Temperament test | ||||
| Abstract | The effects of diet on horse behaviour have not previously been quantified in detail. In this study, we examined the behaviour of 17 foals from the age of 2 to 40 weeks. Each foal received either a starch and sugar (SS) diet or a fat and fibre (FF) diet. The two diets contained similar digestible energy, crude protein and micronutrients, but differed in the fat and non-structural carbohydrate balance. The baseline behaviour of the foals was observed every 2 weeks by focal animal sampling. Additional behavioural observations were conducted when the foals were weaned by one of two methods. Approximately 2 months after weaning, the temperament and tractability of the young horses was assessed using standardised tests. Responses to a novel object, to a novel person, and during a handling test were observed and quantified. Horses grew well on both diets with no apparent effects of diet on growth rate or baseline behaviour. Immediately after weaning, horses receiving the FF diet cantered less frequently (F = 5.10; p < 0.05), for a shorter duration (F = 7.23; p < 0.05) and appeared to be more settled. Foals that were barn-weaned appeared more stressed than foals that were paddock-weaned. In the temperament tests, horses receiving the FF diet spent significantly more time investigating (F = 6.78; p < 0.05), and less time looking at (F = 7.93; p < 0.05), the novel object than horses receiving the SS diet. They also spent less time walking away from the novel person (F = 5.16; p < 0.05) and their time taken to complete the handling test was significantly lower (F = 8.72; p = 0.01). Overall, the horses that received the FF diet appeared less distressed immediately after weaning and seemed calmer and more inquisitive during a range of temperament tests. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3642 | ||
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| Author |
Nicol, C.J.; Badnell-Waters, A.J. | ||||
| Title | Suckling behaviour in domestic foals and the development of abnormal oral behaviour | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
| Volume | 70 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 21-29 |
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| Abstract | We investigated how the behaviour of domestic foals, Equus caballus, living at pasture with their dams was associated with foal gender, mare rank and the development of abnormal oral behaviour, both during the preweaning period, and over a period of up to 4 years postweaning. A population of 186 foals belonging to private owners and commercial studs was studied. The behaviour of male and female foals hardly differed, but mare rank affected patterns of foal social interaction and suckling behaviour, with foals of subordinate mares involved in more affiliative interactions. These foals also spent more time in perisuckling activities such as teat nuzzling than foals of other mares. During the study, 18 foals developed abnormal oral behaviour before weaning and 42 foals developed abnormal oral behaviour after weaning. The development of abnormal oral behaviour was associated with suckling behaviour in a variety of ways. Foals that had already developed abnormal oral behaviour at the time of the preweaning observations were involved in more suckling terminations within bouts than normal foals or foals that developed future abnormal behaviour, and pushing the udder with the muzzle was most frequent in these foals. Foals that had no current abnormal oral behaviour, but that would develop this in the future, spent more time suckling and twice as much time teat nuzzling as other foals. The results add to the growing evidence of associations between digestive function and abnormal oral behaviour in horses. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3631 | ||
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| Author |
Nicol, C.J.; Adachi, M.; Akiyama, T.E.; Gonzalez, F.J. | ||||
| Title | PPARgamma in endothelial cells influences high fat diet-induced hypertension | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | American journal of hypertension : journal of the American Society of Hypertension | Abbreviated Journal | Am J Hypertens |
| Volume | 18 | Issue | 4 Pt 1 | Pages | 549-556 |
| Keywords | Administration, Oral; Animals; Antihypertensive Agents/pharmacology; Blood Pressure/drug effects; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/physiopathology; Dietary Fats/*administration & dosage/pharmacology; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Endothelial Cells/*metabolism; Female; Heart Rate/drug effects; Hypertension/*etiology; Ligands; Male; Mice; Mice, Knockout; PPAR gamma/*metabolism; Sodium Chloride/administration & dosage/pharmacology; Thiazolidinediones/pharmacology | ||||
| Abstract | BACKGROUND: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) ligands improve human hypertension. However, the mechanism and site of this effect remains unknown, confounded by PPARgamma expression in many cell types, including endothelial cells (ECs). METHODS: To evaluate the vascular role of PPARgamma we used a conditional null mouse model. Specific disruption of PPARgamma in ECs was created by crossing Tie2-Cre+ transgenic (T2T+) and PPARgamma-floxed (fl/fl) mice to generate PPARgamma (fl/fl)T2T+ (PPARgamma E-null) mice. Conscious 8- to 12-week-old congenic PPARgamma (fl/fl)Cre- (wild type) and PPARgamma E-null mice were examined for changes in systolic blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR), untreated, after 2 months of salt-loading (drinking water), and after treatment for 3 months with high fat (HF) diet alone or supplemented during the last 2 weeks with rosiglitazone (3 mg/kg/d). RESULTS: Untreated PPARgamma E-nulls were phenotypically indistinguishable from wild-type littermates. However, compared to similarly treated wild types, HF-treated PPARgamma E-nulls had significantly elevated systolic BP not seen after normal diet or salt-loading. Despite sex-dependent baseline differences, salt-loaded and HF-treated PPARgamma E-nulls of either sex had significantly elevated HR versus wild types. Interestingly, rosiglitazone improved serum insulin levels, but not HF diet-induced hypertension, in PPARgamma E-null mice. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that PPARgamma in ECs not only is an important regulator of hypertension and HR under stressed conditions mimicking those arising in type 2 diabetics, but also mediates the antihypertensive effects of rosiglitazone. These data add evidence supporting a beneficial role for PPARgamma-specific ligands in the treatment of hypertension, and suggest therapeutic strategies targeting ECs may prove useful. | ||||
| Address | Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0895-7061 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:15831367 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 69 | ||
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| Author |
Nguyen, N.H.; Klein, E.D.; Zentall, T.R. | ||||
| Title | Imitation of a two-action sequence by pigeons | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Psychonomic bulletin & review | Abbreviated Journal | Psychon Bull Rev |
| Volume | 12 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 514-518 |
| Keywords | Animals; Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; Columbidae; *Imitative Behavior; *Learning | ||||
| Abstract | Developmental psychologists have described imitation as a process that suggests perspective-taking abilities. However, imitative behavior has been found in animals, which are generally not considered capable of taking the perspective of another. Previous studies with birds have demonstrated the imitation of a single response (sometimes referred to as action-level imitation). In the present experiment, we examined the extent to which pigeons would imitate an unfamiliar sequence of two behaviors (sometimes referred to as program-level imitation). Our results indicate that, although there are individual differences, pigeons show a significant tendency to match a demonstrated sequence of behavior involving, first, a response to a treadle (pecking at it or stepping on it) and, second, pushing aside a screen that blocks access to food (a left-vs.-right push). | ||||
| Address | University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1069-9384 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:16235638 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 221 | ||
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| Author |
Nathan J. Emery | ||||
| Title | The Evolution of Social Cognition | Type | Book Chapter | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | The Cognitive Neuroscience of Social BehaviourGarten | Abbreviated Journal | |
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| Abstract | Although this bookis focusedon the cognitive neuroscience ofhuman social behaviour, an understandingofsocial cognition in non-human animals is critical for unravellingthe neural basis of social cognition in humans as well as the selective pressures that have shapedthe evolution ofcomplex social cognition. Thanks to methodological limitations, we know little about the relationships between certain biochemical andelectrophysiological properties ofthe human brain andhow theycompute the behaviour andmental states ofother individuals. Traditional techniques for examiningneural function in humans, such as event-relatedpotentials (ERP),positron emission tomography(PET),and functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI),are constrainedbythe fact that subjects are placed either into an immoveable scanner with a lot ofbackgroundnoise or wiredup with dozens of electrodes that are sensitive to slight movements. The possibilityofscanningor recordingbrain waves from two individuals that are physicallyinteractingsociallyis technicallyimpossible at present (however, see Montague et al, 2002 for a new methodfor simultaneouslyscanningtwo individuals interactingvia a computer). The onlywayto understandthe neurocognitive architecture ofhuman social behaviour is to examine similar social processes in both human andnon-human animal minds andmake comparisons at the species level. An additional argument is that traditional human socio-cognitive tasks are dependent on the use ofstories, cartoons andverbal cues andinstructions (Heberlein & Adolphs, this volume)which themselves will elicit specific neural responses that have to be eliminatedfrom neural responses specificallyrelatedto mindreading. Therefore, the development ofnon-verbal tasks wouldprovide a breakthrough for studies in non-linguistic animals, pre-verbal human infants andhuman cognitive neuroimaging. |
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| Publisher | Psychology Press | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 543 | ||
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| Author |
Murray, J.K.; Singer, E.R.; Morgan, K.L.; Proudman, C.J.; French, N.P. | ||||
| Title | Risk factors for cross-country horse falls at one-day events and at two-/three-day events | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | The Veterinary Journal | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 170 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 318-324 |
| Keywords | Horse; Eventing; Fall; Cross-country; Risk | ||||
| Abstract | The cross-country phase of eventing competitions has been associated with injuries and fatalities to horses and riders. A case-control study was carried out to identify variables that were associated with increased or decreased risk of a horse fall on the cross-country phase at event competitions. After initial analysis, the dataset was split according to the categories of one-day events as compared to two- or three-day events to establish whether significant risk factors varied between the different types of eventing competitions. Data were collected for 121 cases (horse falls) at one-day events, 59 cases at two- or three-day events and for their 540 matched controls. The data were analysed using conditional logistic regression. The variables of no previous refusals on the course, fences with a landing in water and the combined variable of the angle and the spread of the fence were significantly associated with the risk of a horse fall in both datasets. Additional risk factors for one-day event falls were: fences requiring a take-off from water, a drop landing, the rider's knowledge of their position before the cross-country phase and if the rider received cross-country tuition. Three-day event risk factors in the multivariable model included: the camber of the fence and participation in non-equestrian sports by the rider. This study identified variables that were significantly associated with an increase or a decrease in the risk of a horse fall during the cross-country phase of different types of eventing competitions. Some of these variables are modifiable and the results of this study have been reported to the governing body of the sport of eventing in the UK so that possible interventions might be considered. | ||||
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| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3671 | ||
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| Author |
Murphy, J.; Sutherland, A.; Arkins, S. | ||||
| Title | Idiosyncratic motor laterality in the horse | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 91 | Issue | 3-4 | Pages | 297-310 |
| Keywords | Horse; Idiosyncratic motor behaviour; Laterality; Sidedness | ||||
| Abstract | Idiosyncratic motor behaviour was investigated during four experimental procedures in 40 horses (males = 20, females = 20) to establish if horses revealed evidence of significant right or left laterality. The experimental procedures included (1) detection of the preferred foreleg to initiate movement (walk or trot), (2) obstacle avoidance within a passageway (right or left), (3) obstacle avoidance when ridden and (4) idiosyncratic motor bias when rolling. The influence of the horses' sex on both the direction and the degree of the laterality was explored within and between experimental procedures. The findings showed that the direction, but not the degree of idiosyncratic motor preference in the horses was strongly sex-related. Male horses exhibited significantly more (t = 3.74, d.f. = 79, P < 0.001) left lateralised responses and female horses exhibited significantly more (t = -6.35, d.f. = 79, P < 0.01) right lateralised responses. There was also significant positive correlation (P < 0.05) between four of six possible inter-experimental relationships. The results suggest two discrete trends of laterality associated with the sex of the horse. The primary cause of idiosyncratic motor laterality may be genetically predetermined, influenced by environmental factors or a combination of these two and the current findings may support the development of sex-specific training schedules for the horse. Further, work in this area might assist in defining the mechanisms of brain hemisphere lateralisation and allocation of cognitive function in the horse. | ||||
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| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 527 | ||
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| Author |
Mostl, E.; Rettenbacher, S.; Palme, R. | ||||
| Title | Measurement of corticosterone metabolites in birds' droppings: an analytical approach | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences | Abbreviated Journal | Ann N Y Acad Sci |
| Volume | 1046 | Issue | Pages | 17-34 | |
| Keywords | Animals; Birds/*metabolism; Corticosterone/*analysis/metabolism; Feces/*chemistry; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Immunoassay; Molecular Structure; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity | ||||
| Abstract | Fecal steroid analyses are becoming increasingly popular among both field and laboratory scientists. The benefits associated with sampling procedures that do not require restraint, anesthesia, and blood collection include less risk to subject and investigator, as well as the potential to obtain endocrine profiles that are not influenced by the sampling procedure itself. In the feces, a species-specific pattern of metabolites is present, because glucocorticoids are extensively metabolized. Therefore, selection of adequate extraction procedures and immunoassays for measuring the relevant metabolites is a serious issue. In this review, emphasis is placed on the establishment and analytical validation of methods to measure glucocorticoid metabolites for a noninvasive evaluation of adrenocortical activity in droppings of birds. | ||||
| Address | Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Natural Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Veterinarplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria. erich.moestl@vu-wien.ac.at | ||||
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| ISSN | 0077-8923 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:16055841 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4082 | ||
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| Author |
Momozawa, Y.; Kusunose, R.; Kikusui, T.; Takeuchi, Y.; Mori, Y. | ||||
| Title | Assessment of equine temperament questionnaire by comparing factor structure between two separate surveys | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 92 | Issue | 1-2 | Pages | 77-84 |
| Keywords | Anxiety; Factor analysis; Horses; Questionnaires; Temperament | ||||
| Abstract | To establish a method for assessing equine temperament by use of a questionnaire, we carried out two surveys. The subject animals were all thoroughbreds maintained at the same farm. Respondents were the primary caretaker and two colleagues working with each horse. Factor analysis was performed on the responses to each survey. In both surveys, five factors were extracted and four of them were common between the two surveys. The common factors were [`]Anxiety', [`]Trainability', [`]Affability', and [`]Gate entrance'. There were sufficient internal consistencies in responses about [`]Anxiety', [`]Trainability', and [`]Affability' in the two surveys to indicate the validity of this questionnaire in evaluating these factors in equine temperament. | ||||
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| ISSN | 0168-1591 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5063 | ||
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| Author |
Moehlman, P.D. | ||||
| Title | Endangered wild equids | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Scientific American | Abbreviated Journal | Sci Am |
| Volume | 292 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 74-81 |
| Keywords | Africa; Americas; Animals; *Animals, Wild/physiology; Asia; *Conservation of Energy Resources; Environment; *Equidae/physiology; Food Chain; Humans; Male; Reproduction | ||||
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| Address | IUCN-The World Conservation Union/Species Survival Commission Equid Specialist Group | ||||
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| ISSN | 0036-8733 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:15859216 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 551 | ||
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