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| Author | Mendl, M.; Paul, E.S. | ||||
| Title | Consciousness, emotion and animal welfare: insights from cognitive science | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Animal Welfare | Abbreviated Journal | |
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13 | Issue | Pages | 17-25 | |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 3512 | ||
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| Author | Hiby, E.F.; Rooney, N.J.; Bradshaw, J.W.S. | ||||
| Title | Dog training methods: their use, effectiveness and interaction with behaviour and welfare | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Animal Welfare | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Welf. |
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13 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 63-69 |
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| Abstract | Historically, pet dogs were trained using mainly negative reinforcement or punishment, but positive reinforcement using rewards has recently become more popular. The methods used may have different impacts on the dogs� welfare. We distributed a questionnaire to 364 dog owners in order to examine the relative effectiveness of different training methods and their effects upon a pet dog�s behaviour. When asked how they trained their dog on seven basic tasks, 66% reported using vocal punishment, 12% used physical punishment, 60% praise (social reward), 51% food rewards and 11% play. The owner�s ratings for their dog�s obedience during eight tasks correlated positively with the number of tasks which they trained using rewards (P<0.01), but not using punishment (P=0.5). When asked whether their dog exhibited any of 16 common problematic behaviours, the number of problems reported by the owners correlated with the number of tasks for which their dog was trained using punishment (P<0.001), but not using rewards (P=0.17). Exhibition of problematic behaviours may be indicative of compromised welfare, because such behaviours can be caused byor result ina state of anxiety and may lead to a dog being relinquished or abandoned. Because punishment was associated with an increased incidence of problematic behaviours, we conclude that it may represent a welfare concern without concurrent benefits in obedience. We suggest that positive training methods may be more useful to the pet-owning community. | ||||
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| ISSN | 0962-7286 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ Hiby:2004:0962-7286:63 | Serial | 6433 | ||
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| Author | Kleiven, J.; Bjerke, T.; Kaltenborn, B.P. | ||||
| Title | Factors influencing the social acceptability of large carnivore behaviours | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Biodivers Conserv | Abbreviated Journal | |
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13 | Issue | Pages | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ Kleiven2004 | Serial | 6447 | ||
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| Author | Brandt, K. | ||||
| Title | A Language of Their Own: An Interactionist Approach to Human-Horse Communication | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Society and Animals | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume |
12 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 299-316 |
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| Abstract | This paper explores the process of human-horse communication using ethnographic data of in-depth interviews and participant observation. Guided by symbolic interactionism, the paper argues that humans and horses co-create a language system by way of the body to facilitate the creation of shared meaning. This research challenges the privileged status of verbal language and suggests that non-verbal communication and language systems of the body have their own unique complexities. This investigation of humanhorse communication offers new possibilities to understand the subjective and intersubjective world of non-verbal language using beings-human and nonhuman alike. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4386 | ||
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| Author | DiGian, K.A.; Friedrich, A.M.; Zentall, T.R. | ||||
| Title | Discriminative stimuli that follow a delay have added value for pigeons | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Psychonomic bulletin & review | Abbreviated Journal | Psychon Bull Rev |
| Volume |
11 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 889-895 |
| Keywords | Animals; Behavior, Animal; Choice Behavior; Columbidae; *Cues; *Discrimination (Psychology) | ||||
| Abstract | Clement, Feltus, Kaiser, and Zentall (2000) reported that pigeons prefer discriminative stimuli that require greater effort (more pecks) to obtain over those that require less effort. In the present experiment, we examined two variables associated with this phenomenon. First, we asked whether delay of reinforcement, presumably a relatively aversive event similar to effort, would produce similar effects. Second, we asked whether the stimulus preference produced by a prior relatively aversive event depends on its anticipation. Anticipation of delay was accomplished by signaling its occurrence. Results indicated that delays can produce preferences similar to those produced by increased effort, but only if the delays are signaled. | ||||
| Address | University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0044, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1069-9384 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:15732699 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 226 | ||
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| Author | Zentall, T.R.; Weaver, J.E.; Clement, T.S. | ||||
| Title | Pigeons group time intervals according to their relative duration | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Psychonomic bulletin & review | Abbreviated Journal | Psychon Bull Rev |
| Volume |
11 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 113-117 |
| Keywords | Animals; Columbidae; *Discrimination (Psychology); Reinforcement (Psychology); Time Factors; Time Perception | ||||
| Abstract | In the present research, we asked whether pigeons tended to judge time intervals not only in terms of their absolute value but also relative to a duration from which they must be discriminated (i.e., longer or shorter). Pigeons were trained on two independent temporal discriminations. In one discrimination, sample durations of 2 and 8 sec were associated with, for example, red and green hue comparisons, respectively, and in the other discrimination, sample durations of 4 and 16 sec were associated with vertical and horizontal line comparisons, respectively. If pigeons are trained on a temporal discrimination and tested with intermediate durations, the subjective midpoint typically occurs close to the geometric mean of the two trained values. The 4- and 8-sec values were selected to be the geometric mean of the two values in the other discrimination. When a 4-sec test sample was presented with the comparisons from the 2- and 8-sec discrimination, the pigeons preferred the comparison associated with the shorter sample. Similarly, when an 8-sec test sample was presented with the comparisons from the 4- and 16-sec discrimination, the pigeons preferred the comparison associated with the longer sample. Thus, a relative grouping effect was found. That is, durations that should have produced indifferent choice were influenced by their relative durations (shorter than or longer than the alternative) during training. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0044, USA. zentall@pop.uky.edu | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1069-9384 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:15116995 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 231 | ||
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| Author | Harman, F.S.; Nicol, C.J.; Marin, H.E.; Ward, J.M.; Gonzalez, F.J.; Peters, J.M. | ||||
| Title | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta attenuates colon carcinogenesis | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Nature medicine | Abbreviated Journal | Nat Med |
| Volume |
10 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 481-483 |
| Keywords | Animals; Azoxymethane/toxicity; Colonic Neoplasms/etiology/genetics/*prevention & control; Colonic Polyps/etiology/genetics/pathology/prevention & control; Disease Models, Animal; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Mice, Mutant Strains; Phenotype; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/deficiency/genetics/*physiology; Transcription Factors/deficiency/genetics/*physiology | ||||
| Abstract | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta (PPAR-delta; also known as PPAR-beta) is expressed at high levels in colon tumors, but its contribution to colon cancer is unclear. We examined the role of PPAR-delta in colon carcinogenesis using PPAR-delta-deficient (Ppard(-/-)) mice. In both the Min mutant and chemically induced mouse models, colon polyp formation was significantly greater in mice nullizygous for PPAR-delta. In contrast to previous reports suggesting that activation of PPAR-delta potentiates colon polyp formation, here we show that PPAR-delta attenuates colon carcinogenesis. | ||||
| Address | Department of Veterinary Science and The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA. jmp21@psu.edu | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1078-8956 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:15048110 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 77 | ||
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| Author | Markman, E.M.; Abelev, M. | ||||
| Title | Word learning in dogs? | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences | Abbreviated Journal | Trends. Cognit. Sci. |
| Volume |
8 | Issue | 11 | Pages | 479-81; discussion 481 |
| Keywords | Animals; Association Learning; Dogs; *Learning; *Verbal Learning; *Vocabulary | ||||
| Abstract | In a recent paper, Kaminski, Call and Fischer report pioneering research on word-learning in a dog. In this commentary we suggest ways of distinguishing referential word use from mere association. We question whether the dog is reasoning by exclusion and, if so, compare three explanations – learned heuristics, default assumptions, and pragmatic reasoning – as they apply to children and might apply to dogs. Kaminski et al.'s work clearly raises important questions about the origins and basis of word learning and social cognition. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Bldg 420, Stanford, CA 94305-2130, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1364-6613 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:15491899 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 274 | ||
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| Author | Dall, Sasha R. X; Houston, Alasdair I.; McNamara, John M. | ||||
| Title | The behavioural ecology of personality: consistent individual differences from an adaptive perspective | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Ecology Letters | Abbreviated Journal | Ecol. Letters |
| Volume |
7 | Issue | Pages | 734-739 | |
| Keywords | Adaptive individual differences, behavioural ecology, behavioural syndromes, evolutionary game theory, life history strategies, personality differences, state-dependent dynamic programming | ||||
| Abstract | Individual humans, and members of diverse other species, show consistent differences in aggressiveness, shyness, sociability and activity. Such intraspecific differences in behaviour have been widely assumed to be non-adaptive variation surrounding (possibly) adaptive population-average behaviour. Nevertheless, in keeping with recent calls to apply Darwinian reasoning to ever-finer scales of biological variation, we sketch the fundamentals of an adaptive theory of consistent individual differences in behaviour. Our thesis is based on the notion that such .personality differences. can be selected for if fitness payoffs are dependent on both the frequencies with which competing strategies are played and an individual`s behavioural history. To this end, we review existing models that illustrate this and propose a game theoretic approach to analyzing personality differences that is both dynamic and state-dependent. Our motivation is to provide insights into the evolution and maintenance of an apparently common animal trait: personality, which has far reaching ecological and evolutionary implications. |
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| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 494 | ||
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| Author | Caldwell, C.A.; Whiten, A. | ||||
| Title | Testing for social learning and imitation in common marmosets, Callithrix jacchus, using an artificial fruit | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Animal cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume |
7 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 77-85 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Association Learning; Callithrix/*psychology; Discrimination Learning; *Feeding Behavior; Female; Food Preferences; Fruit; *Imitative Behavior; Male; *Social Behavior; Social Environment | ||||
| Abstract | We tested for social learning and imitation in common marmosets using an artificial foraging task and trained conspecific demonstrators. We trained a demonstrator marmoset to open an artificial fruit, providing a full demonstration of the task to be learned. Another marmoset provided a partial demonstration, controlling for stimulus enhancement effects, by eating food from the outside of the apparatus. We thus compared three observer groups, each consisting of four animals: those that received the full demonstration, those that received the partial demonstration, and a control group that saw no demonstration prior to testing. Although none of the observer marmosets succeeded in opening the artificial fruit during the test periods, there were clear effects of demonstration type. Those that saw the full demonstration manipulated the apparatus more overall, whereas those from the control group manipulated it the least of the three groups. Those from the full-demonstration group also contacted the particular parts of the artificial fruit that they had seen touched (localised stimulus enhancement) to a greater extent than the other two groups. There was also an interaction between the number of hand and mouth touches made to the artificial fruit for the full- and partial-demonstration groups. Whether or not these data represent evidence for imitation is discussed. We also propose that the clear differences between the groups suggest that social learning mechanisms provide real benefits to these animals in terms of developing novel food-processing skills analogous to the one presented here. | ||||
| Address | Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution and Scottish Primate Research Group, University of St Andrews, KY16 9JU, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland. C.A.Caldwell@exeter.ac.uk | ||||
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| ISSN | 1435-9448 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:15069606 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 735 | ||
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