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Author | Miklósi, Á.; Topál, J.; Csányi, V. | ||||
Title | Comparative social cognition: what can dogs teach us? | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
Volume | 67 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 995-1004 |
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Abstract | Research in comparative social cognition addresses how challenges of social living have formed the cognitive structures that control behaviours involved in communication, social learning and social understanding. In contrast to the traditional psychological approach, recent investigations take both evolutionary and functional questions into account, but the main emphasis is still on the mechanisms of behaviour. Although in traditional research `comparative' meant mainly comparisons between humans and other primates, ethological influences have led to a broadening of the spectrum of species under study. In this review, we evaluated how the study of dogs broadens our understanding of comparative social cognition. In the early days of ethology, dogs enjoyed considerable interest from ethologists, but during the last 20 years, dogs have rarely been studied by ethological methods. Through a complex evolutionary process, dogs became adapted for living in human society; therefore, the human environment and social setting now represents a natural ecological niche for this species. We have evidence that dogs have been selected for adaptations to human social life, and that these adaptations have led to marked changes in their communicative, social, cooperative and attachment behaviours towards humans. Until now, the study of dogs was hindered by the view that they represent an `artificial' species, but by accepting that dogs are adapted to their niche, as are other `natural' species, comparative investigations can be put into new light. | ||||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 406 | ||
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Author | Cameron, E.Z. | ||||
Title | Facultative adjustment of mammalian sex ratios in support of the Trivers-Willard hypothesis: evidence for a mechanism | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society | Abbreviated Journal | Proc Biol Sci |
Volume | 271 | Issue | 1549 | Pages | 1723-1728 |
Keywords | Age Factors; Animals; Body Constitution; *Evolution; Female; Glucose/metabolism/physiology; Litter Size; Male; Mammals/*physiology; *Models, Biological; Reproduction/physiology; Seasons; Sex Factors; *Sex Ratio; Time Factors | ||||
Abstract | Evolutionary theory predicts that mothers of different condition should adjust the birth sex ratio of their offspring in relation to future reproductive benefits. Published studies addressing variation in mammalian sex ratios have produced surprisingly contradictory results. Explaining the source of such variation has been a challenge for sex-ratio theory, not least because no mechanism for sex-ratio adjustment is known. I conducted a meta-analysis of previous mammalian sex-ratio studies to determine if there are any overall patterns in sex-ratio variation. The contradictory nature of previous results was confirmed. However, studies that investigated indices of condition around conception show almost unanimous support for the prediction that mothers in good condition bias their litters towards sons. Recent research on the role of glucose in reproductive functioning have shown that excess glucose favours the development of male blastocysts, providing a potential mechanism for sex-ratio variation in relation to maternal condition around conception. Furthermore, many of the conflicting results from studies on sex-ratio adjustment would be explained if glucose levels in utero during early cell division contributed to the determination of offspring sex ratios. | ||||
Address | Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa. ezcameron@zoology.up.ac.za | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0962-8452 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:15306293 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 413 | ||
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Author | Huebener, E. | ||||
Title | Die Bewegungen von Pferderumpf und -rücken aus der Sicht des Reiters | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Tierärztliche Umschau | Abbreviated Journal | Tierärztl. Umschau |
Volume | 6 | Issue | Pages | 327-334 | |
Keywords | Schritt – Trab – Galopp – Schmerz – Schäden | ||||
Abstract | Die Bewegungen von Rumpf und Rücken des Pferdes in der Fortbewegung bestimmen Sitz und Schenkelhilfen – Grundlagen pferdgerechten und kultivierten, feinfühligen Reitens. In ihrer Tendenz ließen sich diese Bewegungen jetzt aus den Fußfolgen der Grundgangarten ableiten. Die Erkenntnisse sind per Video verifiziert. Mit ihrer Übersetzung in Diagramme wurde versucht, den gegenwärtigen Wissensstand für nicht-reitende Wissenschaftler und denkende Reiter gleichermaßen verständlich darzustellen. Die Akzeptanz des aufbereiteten Wissens in der Reiterei würde verbessert, wenn man zu gemessenen Werten für die Bewegungen des Pferderückens und des Pferderumpfes käme. Plädoyer eines “Nur-Reiters” für einschlägige, universitäre Forschung. | ||||
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Language | German | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 420 | ||
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Author | Huebener, E. | ||||
Title | Movements of Trunk and Back of the Horse from a Rider's View | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Tierärztliche Umschau | Abbreviated Journal | Tierärztl. Umschau |
Volume | 6 | Issue | Pages | 327 | |
Keywords | walk – trot – canter – pain – damages | ||||
Abstract | The trunk and back movements of the horse during locomotion determine seat position and leg aids of the rider, this is the basis for horse-oriented and cultivated, sensitive riding. In their tendency these movements could now be derived from the foot sequences of the basic paces. The realizations are verified by video. By translating these movements into diagrams, the author is making an attempt to present the current state of knowledge for non-riding scholars and academically oriented riders alike. The acceptance of the prepared riding knowledge would be improved if one could produce measured values of the horse's back and trunk movements. An appeal of a rider for relevant, scholarly research. | ||||
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Language | German | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 437 | ||
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Author | RHO, J.R.; SRYGLEY, R.B.; CHOE, J.C. | ||||
Title | Behavioral ecology of the Jeju pony (Equus caballus): Effects of maternal age, maternal dominance hierarchy and foal age on mare aggression | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Ecological Research | Abbreviated Journal | Ecol. Res. |
Volume | 19 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 55-63 |
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Abstract | On Jeju Island, Korea, dominance hierarchy and maternal care according to maternal age were studied in a herd of Jeju ponies (Equus caballus), consisting of 73 mares, their foals and one stallion. Dominance ranks were nearly linear and increased significantly with the age of mares. Most aggressive encounters involved mares under 5 years old. Mares under the age of 5 years have apparently not established their rank. The mean frequency of aggressive actions of mares per hour increased significantly as the day of parturition approached. Aggressive actions of mares with foals decreased significantly as their foals aged. The overall frequency of aggression of mares with foals also decreased significantly with the age of the mares. Our results suggest that the cost of maternal care is lower for older, more dominant mares than for subordinate ones. | ||||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 459 | ||
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Author | Dall, Sasha R. X; Houston, Alasdair I.; McNamara, John M. | ||||
Title | The behavioural ecology of personality: consistent individual differences from an adaptive perspective | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Ecology Letters | Abbreviated Journal | Ecol. Letters |
Volume | 7 | Issue | Pages | 734-739 | |
Keywords | Adaptive individual differences, behavioural ecology, behavioural syndromes, evolutionary game theory, life history strategies, personality differences, state-dependent dynamic programming | ||||
Abstract | Individual humans, and members of diverse other species, show consistent differences in aggressiveness, shyness, sociability and activity. Such intraspecific differences in behaviour have been widely assumed to be non-adaptive variation surrounding (possibly) adaptive population-average behaviour. Nevertheless, in keeping with recent calls to apply Darwinian reasoning to ever-finer scales of biological variation, we sketch the fundamentals of an adaptive theory of consistent individual differences in behaviour. Our thesis is based on the notion that such .personality differences. can be selected for if fitness payoffs are dependent on both the frequencies with which competing strategies are played and an individual`s behavioural history. To this end, we review existing models that illustrate this and propose a game theoretic approach to analyzing personality differences that is both dynamic and state-dependent. Our motivation is to provide insights into the evolution and maintenance of an apparently common animal trait: personality, which has far reaching ecological and evolutionary implications. |
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 494 | ||
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Author | Naguib, M.; Amrhein, V.; Kunc, H.P. | ||||
Title | Effects of territorial intrusions on eavesdropping neighbors: communication networks in nightingales | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Behavioral Ecology | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Ecol. |
Volume | 15 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 1011-1015 |
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Abstract | Animal communication often occurs in communication networks in which multiple signalers and receivers are within signaling range of each other. In such networks, individuals can obtain information on the quality and motivation of territorial neighbors by eavesdropping on their signaling interactions. In songbirds, extracting information from interactions involving neighbors is thought to be an important factor in the evolution of strategies of territory defense. In a playback experiment with radio-tagged nightingales Luscinia megarhynchos we here demonstrate that territorial males use their familiar neighbors' performance in a vocal interaction with an unfamiliar intruder as a standard for their own response. Males were attracted by a vocal interaction between their neighbor and a simulated stranger and intruded into the neighbor's territory. The more intensely the neighbor had interacted with playback, the earlier the intrusions were made, indicating that males eavesdropped on the vocal contest involving a neighbor. However, males never intruded when we had simulated by a second playback that the intruder had retreated and sang outside the neighbor's territory. These results suggest that territorial males use their neighbors' singing behavior as an early warning system when territorial integrity is threatened. Simultaneous responses by neighboring males towards unfamiliar rivals are likely to be beneficial to the individuals in maintaining territorial integrity. | ||||
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Notes | 10.1093/beheco/arh108 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 499 | ||
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Author | Fenton, B.; Ratcliffe, J. | ||||
Title | Animal behaviour: eavesdropping on bats | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Nature | Abbreviated Journal | Nature |
Volume | 429 | Issue | 6992 | Pages | 612-613 |
Keywords | Acoustics; Animals; Chiroptera/anatomy & histology/classification/genetics/*physiology; Echolocation/*physiology; *Evolution; Phylogeny; Predatory Behavior/physiology; Species Specificity | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 1476-4687 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:15190335 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 500 | ||
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Author | Caro, T.M.; Graham, C.M.; Stoner, C.J.; Vargas, J.K. | ||||
Title | Adaptive significance of antipredator behaviour in artiodactyls | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
Volume | 67 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 205-228 |
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Abstract | We used comparative data to test functional hypotheses for 17 antipredator behaviour patterns in artiodactyls. We examined the literature for hypotheses about auditory and visual signals, defensive behaviour and group-related antipredator behaviour in this taxon and derived a series of predictions for each hypothesis. Next, we documented occurrences of these behaviour patterns and morphological, ecological and behavioural variables for 200 species and coded them in binary format. We then pitted presence of an antipredator behaviour against presence of an independent variable for cervids, bovids and all artiodactyls together using nonparametric tests. Finally, we reanalysed the data using Maddison's (1990, Evolution, 44, 539-557) concentrated-changes tests and a consensus molecular and taxonomic phylogeny. We found evidence that snorting is both a warning signal to conspecifics and a pursuit-deterrent signal, lack of evidence that whistling alerts conspecifics and indications that foot stamping is a visual signal to warn group members. Evidence suggested that tail flagging was a signal to both conspecifics and predators, that bounding, leaping and stotting were used both as a signal and to clear obstacles and that prancing functioned similarly to foot stamping. Analyses of tail flicking, zigzagging and tacking were equivocal. We confirmed that inspection occurs in large groups, freezing enhances crypticity, and species seeking refuge in cliffs tend to be small. Entering water and attacks on predators had few correlates. Finally, group living, a putative antipredator adaptation, was associated with large body size and species living in open habitats, confirming Jarman's (1974, Behaviour, 48, 215-267) classic hypothesis. Bunching and group attack apparently deter predators. Despite limitations, comparative and systematic analyses can bolster adaptive hypotheses and raise new functional explanations for antipredator behaviour patterns in general. | ||||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 522 | ||
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Author | Proudman, C.; Pinchbeck, G.; Clegg, P.; French, N. | ||||
Title | Equine welfare: risk of horses falling in the Grand National | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Nature | Abbreviated Journal | Nature |
Volume | 428 | Issue | 6981 | Pages | 385-386 |
Keywords | Accidental Falls/prevention & control/*statistics & numerical data; Animal Welfare; Animals; Great Britain; Horse Diseases/prevention & control; Horses/*physiology; Odds Ratio; Risk Assessment; *Sports | ||||
Abstract | As in other competitive sports, the famous Grand National steeplechase, which is held at Aintree in the United Kingdom and is watched by 600 million people worldwide, sometimes results in injury. By analysing data from the past 15 Grand National races (consisting of 560 starts by horses), we are able to identify several factors that are significantly associated with failure to complete the race: no previous experience of the course and its unique obstacles, unfavourable ground conditions (too soft or too hard), a large number of runners, and the length of the odds ('starting price'). We also find that there is an increased risk of falling at the first fence and at the jump known as Becher's Brook, which has a ditch on the landing side. Our findings indicate ways in which the Grand National could be made safer for horses and illustrate how epidemiological analysis might contribute to preventing injury in competitive sport. | ||||
Address | Epidemiology Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK. c.j.proudman@liverpool.ac.uk | ||||
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ISSN | 1476-4687 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:15042079 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 535 | ||
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