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Author Kaminski, J.; Call, J.; Tomasello, M.
Title (up) Body orientation and face orientation: two factors controlling apes' behavior from humans Type Journal Article
Year 2004 Publication Animal Cognition Abbreviated Journal Anim. Cogn.
Volume 7 Issue 4 Pages 216-223
Keywords Animals; *Attention; *Behavior, Animal; Cognition; *Concept Formation; Face; Facial Expression; Female; Fixation, Ocular; Hominidae/*psychology; Humans; Male; *Nonverbal Communication; *Orientation; Pan paniscus/psychology; Pan troglodytes/psychology; Pongo pygmaeus/psychology; *Posture; Social Perception; Species Specificity
Abstract A number of animal species have evolved the cognitive ability to detect when they are being watched by other individuals. Precisely what kind of information they use to make this determination is unknown. There is particular controversy in the case of the great apes because different studies report conflicting results. In experiment 1, we presented chimpanzees, orangutans, and bonobos with a situation in which they had to request food from a human observer who was in one of various attentional states. She either stared at the ape, faced the ape with her eyes closed, sat with her back towards the ape, or left the room. In experiment 2, we systematically crossed the observer's body and face orientation so that the observer could have her body and/or face oriented either towards or away from the subject. Results indicated that apes produced more behaviors when they were being watched. They did this not only on the basis of whether they could see the experimenter as a whole, but they were sensitive to her body and face orientation separately. These results suggest that body and face orientation encode two different types of information. Whereas face orientation encodes the observer's perceptual access, body orientation encodes the observer's disposition to transfer food. In contrast to the results on body and face orientation, only two of the tested subjects responded to the state of the observer's eyes.
Address Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Plaz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. kaminski@eva.mpg.de
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ISSN 1435-9448 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:15034765 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2538
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Author Pack, A. A.; Herman, L. M.
Title (up) Bottlenosed Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) Comprehend the Referent of Both Static and Dynamic Human Gazing and Pointing in an Object-Choice Task. Type Journal Article
Year 2004 Publication Journal of Comparative Psychology Abbreviated Journal J. Comp. Psychol.
Volume 118 Issue 2 Pages 160-171
Keywords
Abstract The authors tested 2 bottlenosed dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) for their understanding of human-directed gazing or pointing in a 2-alternative object-choice task. A dolphin watched a human informant either gazing at or pointing toward 1 of 2 laterally placed objects and was required to perform a previously indicated action to that object. Both static and dynamic gaze, as well as static and dynamic direct points and cross-body points, yielded errorless or nearly errorless performance. Gaze with the informant's torso obscured (only the head was shown) produced no performance decrement, but gaze with eyes only resulted in chance performance. The results revealed spontaneous understanding of human gaze accomplished through head orientation, with or without the human informant's eyes obscured, and demonstrated that gaze-directed cues were as effective as point-directed cues in the object-choice task. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4976
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Author Lefebvre, L.; Reader, S.M.; Sol, D.
Title (up) Brains, Innovations and Evolution in Birds and Primates Type Journal Article
Year 2004 Publication Brain, Behavior and Evolution Abbreviated Journal Brain. Behav. Evol.
Volume 63 Issue 4 Pages 233-246
Keywords Innovation W Brain evolution W Hyperstriatum ventrale W Neostriatum W Isocortex W Birds W Primates W Tool use W Invasion biology
Abstract Abstract

Several comparative research programs have focusedon the cognitive, life history and ecological traits thataccount for variation in brain size. We review one ofthese programs, a program that uses the reported frequencyof behavioral innovation as an operational measureof cognition. In both birds and primates, innovationrate is positively correlated with the relative size of associationareas in the brain, the hyperstriatum ventrale andneostriatum in birds and the isocortex and striatum inprimates. Innovation rate is also positively correlatedwith the taxonomic distribution of tool use, as well asinterspecific differences in learning. Some features ofcognition have thus evolved in a remarkably similar wayin primates and at least six phyletically-independent avianlineages. In birds, innovation rate is associated withthe ability of species to deal with seasonal changes in theenvironment and to establish themselves in new regions,and it also appears to be related to the rate atwhich lineages diversify. Innovation rate provides a usefultool to quantify inter-taxon differences in cognitionand to test classic hypotheses regarding the evolution ofthe brain.
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ISSN 0006-8977 ISBN Medium
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4738
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Author Geisbauer, G.; Griebel, U.; Schmid, A.; Timney, B
Title (up) Brightness discrimination and neutral point Type Journal Article
Year 2004 Publication Canadian Journal of Zoology Abbreviated Journal Can. J. Zool
Volume 82 Issue 4 Pages 660-670
Keywords
Abstract Abstract: Equine brightness discrimination ability and color discrimination were measured using a two-choice discrimination

task. Two Haflinger horses (Equus caballus L., 1758) were trained to discriminate 30 different shades of grey

varying from low to high relative brightness. Their ability to distinguish shades of grey was poor, with calculated

Weber fractions of 0.42 and 0.45. In addition, a “neutral point” test to determine the dimensionality of color vision

was carried out. Three hues of blue-green were tested versus a range of grey targets with brightnesses similar to those

of the blue-green targets. A neutral point was found at about 480 nm. Thus, we can conclude that horses possess

dichromatic color vision.
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3649
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Author Pinchbeck, G.L.; Clegg, P.D.; Proudman, C.J.; Morgan, K.L.; French, N.P.
Title (up) Case-control investigation of the factors affecting the risk of horses falling during steeplechase racing in the UK Type Journal Article
Year 2004 Publication The Veterinary Record Abbreviated Journal Vet. Rec.
Volume 155 Issue 1 Pages 11-15
Keywords Accidental Falls/*prevention & control/*statistics & numerical data; Animals; Athletic Injuries/epidemiology/etiology/prevention & control/*veterinary; Case-Control Studies; England/epidemiology; Horses/*injuries; Risk Factors; Running/*injuries
Abstract A concurrent case-control study of 12 UK racecourses was made between March 1, 2000, and August 31, 2001, to identify and quantify the factors associated with the risk of horses falling in steeplechase races. Cases were defined as a jumping effort at a steeplechase fence that resulted in a fall and controls were defined as a successful jumping effort over any steeplechase fence at any of the 12 racecourses within 14 days before or after the case fall. Information on the horse, the jockey and the race were collected and all the fences on all the courses were surveyed. Conditional logistic regression was used to examine the relationships between the predictor variables and the risk of falling. There was one fall per 254 jumping efforts. The risk of a horse falling decreased the more times it had raced on a particular racecourse. The number of fences, the distance from the previous fence and the nature of the previous fence also affected the risk of falling. If the previous fence was a water jump the risk of falling increased; fences that were sited on flat or slight uphill gradients (up to approximately 1 in 25) were associated with a lower risk of horses falling than downhill fences, and higher takeoff boards were associated with a higher risk of falling.
Address Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston CH64 7TE
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ISSN 0042-4900 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:15264483 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3773
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Author Hieshima, K.; Kawasaki, Y.; Hanamoto, H.; Nakayama, T.; Nagakubo, D.; Kanamaru, A.; Yoshie, O.
Title (up) CC Chemokine Ligands 25 and 28 Play Essential Roles in Intestinal Extravasation of IgA Antibody-Secreting Cells Type Journal Article
Year 2004 Publication The Journal of Immunology Abbreviated Journal
Volume 173 Issue 6 Pages 3668-3675
Keywords
Abstract CCL25 (also known as thymus-expressed chemokine) and CCL28 (also known as mucosae-associated epithelial chemokine) play important roles in mucosal immunity by recruiting IgA Ab-secreting cells (ASCs) into mucosal lamina propria. However, their exact roles in vivo still remain to be defined. In this study, we first demonstrated in mice that IgA ASCs in small intestine expressed CCR9, CCR10, and CXCR4 on the cell surface and migrated to their respective ligands CCL25, CCL28, and CXCL12 (also known as stromal cell-derived factor 1), whereas IgA ASCs in colon mainly expressed CCR10 and CXCR4 and migrated to CCL28 and CXCL12. Reciprocally, the epithelial cells of small intestine were immunologically positive for CCL25 and CCL28, whereas those of colon were positive for CCL28 and CXCL12. Furthermore, the venular endothelial cells in small intestine were positive for CCL25 and CCL28, whereas those in colon were positive for CCL28, suggesting their direct roles in extravasation of IgA ASCs. Consistently, in mice orally immunized with cholera toxin (CT), anti-CCL25 suppressed homing of CT-specific IgA ASCs into small intestine, whereas anti-CCL28 suppressed homing of CT-specific IgA ASCs into both small intestine and colon. Reciprocally, CT-specific ASCs and IgA titers in the blood were increased in mice treated with anti-CCL25 or anti-CCL28. Anti-CXCL12 had no such effects. Finally, both CCL25 and CCL28 were capable of enhancing α4 integrin-dependent adhesion of IgA ASCs to mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 and VCAM-1. Collectively, CCL25 and CCL28 play essential roles in intestinal homing of IgA ASCs primarily by mediating their extravasation into intestinal lamina propria.
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Notes 10.4049/jimmunol.173.6.3668 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6011
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Author Hare, B.; Tomasello, M.
Title (up) Chimpanzees are more skilful in competitive than in cooperative cognitive tasks Type Journal Article
Year 2004 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.
Volume 68 Issue 3 Pages 571-581
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Abstract In a series of four experiments, chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, were given two cognitive tasks, an object choice task and a discrimination task (based on location), each in the context of either cooperation or competition. In both tasks chimpanzees performed more skilfully when competing than when cooperating, with some evidence that competition with conspecifics was especially facilitatory in the discrimination location task. This is the first study to demonstrate a facilitative cognitive effect for competition in a single experimental paradigm. We suggest that chimpanzee cognitive evolution is best understood in its socioecological context.
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Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 584
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Author Clayton, N.S.
Title (up) COGNITION: An Open Sandwich or an Open Question? Type Journal Article
Year 2004 Publication Science Abbreviated Journal Science
Volume 305 Issue 5682 Pages 344-
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Notes 10.1126/science.1099512 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2955
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Author Subiaul, F.; Cantlon, J.F.; Holloway, R.L.; Terrace, H.S.
Title (up) Cognitive imitation in rhesus macaques Type Journal Article
Year 2004 Publication Science (New York, N.Y.) Abbreviated Journal Science
Volume 305 Issue 5682 Pages 407-410
Keywords Animals; *Cognition; *Imitative Behavior; *Learning; Macaca mulatta/*physiology/psychology; Male
Abstract Experiments on imitation typically evaluate a student's ability to copy some feature of an expert's motor behavior. Here, we describe a type of observational learning in which a student copies a cognitive rule rather than a specific motor action. Two rhesus macaques were trained to respond, in a prescribed order, to different sets of photographs that were displayed on a touch-sensitive monitor. Because the position of the photographs varied randomly from trial to trial, sequences could not be learned by motor imitation. Both monkeys learned new sequences more rapidly after observing an expert execute those sequences than when they had to learn new sequences entirely by trial and error.
Address Department of Anthropology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA. subiaul@aol.com
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Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1095-9203 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:15256673 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2839
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Author Shettleworth, S.J.
Title (up) Cognitive science: rank inferred by reason Type Journal Article
Year 2004 Publication Nature Abbreviated Journal Nature
Volume 430 Issue 7001 Pages 732-733
Keywords Animals; Cognition/*physiology; Group Structure; Male; *Social Dominance; Songbirds/*physiology
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ISSN 1476-4687 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:15306792 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 365
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