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Author | Emery, N.J.; Dally, J.M.; Clayton, N.S. | ||||
Title | Western scrub-jays ( Aphelocoma californica) use cognitive strategies to protect their caches from thieving conspecifics | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
Volume | 7 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 37-43 |
Keywords | Animals; Birds/*physiology; Feeding Behavior/*physiology; Female; *Food; Male; *Memory | ||||
Abstract | Food caching birds hide food and recover the caches when supplies are less abundant. There is, however, a risk to this strategy because the caches are susceptible to pilfering by others. Corvids use a number of different strategies to reduce possible cache theft. Scrub-jays with previous experience of pilfering other's caches cached worms in two visuospatially distinct caching trays either in private or in the presence of a conspecific. When these storers had cached in private, they subsequently observed both trays out of reach of a conspecific. When these storers had cached in the presence of a conspecific, they subsequently watched the observer pilfering from one of the trays while the other tray was placed in full view, but out of reach. The storers were then allowed to recover the remaining caches 3 h later. Jays cached more worms when they were observed during caching. At the time of recovery, they re-cached more than if they had cached in private, selectively re-caching outside of the trays in sites unbeknown to potential thieves. In addition, after a single pilfering trial, the jays switched their recovery strategy from predominantly checking their caches (i.e. returning to a cache site to see whether the food remained there) to predominantly eating them. Re-caching remained constant across the three trials. These results suggest that scrub-jays use flexible, cognitive caching and recovery strategies to aid in reducing potential future pilfering of caches by conspecifics. | ||||
Address | Sub-department of Animal Behaviour, University of Cambridge, High Street, CB3 8AA Madingley, Cambs, UK. nje23@cam.ac.uk | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 1435-9448 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:12827547 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2566 | ||
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Author | Gould, J.L. | ||||
Title | Thinking about thinking: how Donald R. Griffin (1915-2003) remade animal behavior | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
Volume | 7 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 1-4 |
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Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3092 | ||
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Author | Cheng, K. | ||||
Title | K.J. Jeffery (ed) The neurobiology of spatial behaviour | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
Volume | 7 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 199-200 |
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Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3291 | ||
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Author | Cheney, D. l .; Seyfarth, R. M. | ||||
Title | Social complexity and the information acquired during eavesdropping by primates and other animals | Type | Book Chapter | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Animal Communication networks | Abbreviated Journal | |
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Abstract | In many of the studies reviewed in this book, eavesdropping takes the following form: a subject has the opportunity to monitor, or eavesdrop upon, an interaction between two other animals,Aand B. The subject then uses the information obtained through these observations to assess A`s and B`s relative dominance or attractiveness as a mate (e.g. Mennill et al., 2002; Ch. 2). For example, Oliveira et al. (1998) found that male fighting fish Betta splendens that had witnessed two other males involved in an aggressive interaction subsequently responded more strongly to the loser of that interaction than the winner. Subjects-behaviour could not have been influenced by any inherent differences between the two males, because subjects responded equally strongly to the winner and the loser of competitive interactions they had not observed. Similarly, Peake et al. (2001) presented male great tits Parus major with the opportunity to monitor an apparent competitive interaction between two strangers by simulating a singing contest using two loudspeakers. The relative timing of the singing bouts (as measured by the degree of overlap between the two songs) provided information about each “contestants” relative status. Following the singing interaction, one of the “contestants” was introduced into the male`s territory. Males responded significantly less strongly to singers that had apparently just “lost” the interaction (see also McGregor & Dabelsteen, 1996; Naguib et al., 1999; Ch. 2). What information does an individual acquire when it eavesdrops on others? In theory, an eavesdropper could acquire information of many different sorts: about A, about B, about the relationship between A and B, or about the place of Animal Communication Networks, ed. Peter K. McGregor. Published by Cambridge University Press. c. Cambridge University Press 2005. 583 P1: JZZ/... P2: JZZ/... 0521823617c25.xml CU1917B/McGregor 0 521 582361 7 October 7, 2004 22:31 584 D. L. Cheney & R. M. Seyfarth A`s and B`s relationship in a larger social framework. The exact information acquired will probably reflect the particular species social structure. For example, songbirds like great tits live in communities in which six or seven neighbours surround each territory-holding male. Males appear to benefit from the knowledge that certain individuals occupy specific areas (e.g. Brooks & Falls, 1975), that competitive interactions between two different neighbours have particular outcomes, and that these outcomes are stable over time. We would, therefore, expect an eavesdropping great tit not only to learn that neighbour A was dominant to neighbour B, for example, but also to form the expectation that A was likely to defeat B in all future encounters. More speculatively, because the outcome of territorial interactions are often site specific (reviewed by Bradbury & Vehrencamp, 1998), we would expect eavesdropping tits to learn further that A dominates B in some areas but B dominates A in others. In contrast, the information gained from monitoring neighbours interactions would unlikely be sufficient to allow the eavesdropper to rank all of its neighbours in a linear dominance hierarchy, because not all neighbouring males would come into contact with one another. Such information would be difficult if not impossible to acquire; it might also be of little functional value. In contrast, species that live in large, permanent social groups have a much greater opportunity to monitor the social interactions of many different individuals simultaneously. Monkey species such as baboons Papio cynocephalus, for example, typically live in groups of 80 or more individuals, which include several matrilineal families arranged in a stable, linear dominance rank order (Silk et al., 1999). Offspring assume ranks similar to those of their mothers, and females maintain close bonds with their matrilineal kin throughout their lives. Cutting across these stable long-term relationships based on rank and kinship are more transient bonds: for example, the temporary associations formed between unrelated females whose infants are of similar ages, and the “friendships” formed between adult males and lactating females as an apparent adaptation against infanticide (Palombit et al., 1997, 2001). In order to compete successfully within such groups, it would seem advantageous for individuals to recognize who outranks whom, who is closely bonded to whom, and who is likely to be allied to whom (Harcourt, 1988, 1992; Cheney & Seyfarth, 1990; see below). The ability to adopt a third party`s perspective and discriminate among the social relationships that exist among others would seem to be of great selective benefit. In this chapter, we review evidence for eavesdropping in selected primate species and we consider what sort of information is acquired when one individual observes or listens in on the interactions of others. We then compare eavesdropping by primates with eavesdropping in other animal species, focusing on both potential differences and directions for further research |
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Publisher | Cambridge University Press | Place of Publication | Cambridge, Massachusetts | Editor | McGregor, P.K. |
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 495 | ||
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Author | Aberle, K.S.; Hamann, H.; Drögemüller, C.; Distl, O. | ||||
Title | Genetic diversity in German draught horse breeds compared with a group of primitive, riding and wild horses by means of microsatellite DNA markers | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Animal Genetics | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Gen. |
Volume | 35 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 270-277 |
Keywords | diversity; endangered breeds; genetic variation; horse; microsatellite | ||||
Abstract | Summary We compared the genetic diversity and distance among six German draught horse breeds to wild (Przewalski's Horse), primitive (Icelandic Horse, Sorraia Horse, Exmoor Pony) or riding horse breeds (Hanoverian Warmblood, Arabian) by means of genotypic information from 30 microsatellite loci. The draught horse breeds included the South German Coldblood, Rhenish German Draught Horse, Mecklenburg Coldblood, Saxon Thuringa Coldblood, Black Forest Horse and Schleswig Draught Horse. Despite large differences in population sizes, the average observed heterozygosity (Ho) differed little among the heavy horse breeds (0.64�0.71), but was considerably lower than in the Hanoverian Warmblood or Icelandic Horse population. The mean number of alleles (NA) decreased more markedly with declining population sizes of German draught horse breeds (5.2�6.3) but did not reach the values of Hanoverian Warmblood (NA = 6.7). The coefficient of differentiation among the heavy horse breeds showed 11.6% of the diversity between the heavy horse breeds, as opposed to 21.2% between the other horse populations. The differentiation test revealed highly significant genetic differences among all draught horse breeds except the Mecklenburg and Saxon Thuringa Coldbloods. The Schleswig Draught Horse was the most distinct draught horse breed. In conclusion, the study demonstrated a clear distinction among the German draught horse breeds and even among breeds with a very short history of divergence like Rhenish German Draught Horse and its East German subpopulations Mecklenburg and Saxon Thuringa Coldblood. | ||||
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Publisher | Blackwell Science Ltd | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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ISSN | 1365-2052 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5184 | ||
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Author | Chilton, N.B. | ||||
Title | The use of nuclear ribosomal DNA markers for the identification of bursate nematodes (order Strongylida) and for the diagnosis of infections | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Animal Health Research Reviews / Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases | Abbreviated Journal | Anim Health Res Rev |
Volume | 5 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 173-187 |
Keywords | Animals; Birds; Cats; DNA Primers; DNA, Helminth/*analysis; DNA, Ribosomal/*analysis; Dogs; Horses; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques/veterinary; Ruminants; Strongylida/*genetics; Strongylida Infections/diagnosis/*veterinary | ||||
Abstract | Many bursate nematodes are of major importance to animal health. Animals are often parasitized by multiple species that differ in their prevalence, relative abundance and/or pathogenicity. Implementation of effective management strategies for these parasites requires reliable methods for their detection in hosts, identification to the species level and measurement of intensity of infection. One major problem is the difficulty of accurately identifying and distinguishing many species of bursate nematode because of the remarkable morphological similarity of their eggs and larvae. The inability to identify, with confidence, individual nematodes (irrespective of their life-cycle stage) to the species level by morphological methods has often led to a search for species-specific genetic markers. Studies over the past 15 years have shown that sequences of the internal transcribed spacers of ribosomal DNA provide useful genetic markers, providing the basis for the development of PCR-based diagnostic tools. Such molecular methods represent powerful tools for studying the systematics, epidemiology and ecology of bursate nematodes and, importantly, for the specific diagnosis of infections in animals and humans, thus contributing to improved control and prevention strategies for these parasites. | ||||
Address | Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada. neil.chilton@usask.ca | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 1466-2523 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:15984323 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2628 | ||
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Author | Mendl, M.; Paul, E.S. | ||||
Title | Consciousness, emotion and animal welfare: insights from cognitive science | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Animal Welfare | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 13 | Issue | Pages | 17-25 | |
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 3512 | ||
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Author | Hiby, E.F.; Rooney, N.J.; Bradshaw, J.W.S. | ||||
Title | Dog training methods: their use, effectiveness and interaction with behaviour and welfare | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Animal Welfare | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Welf. |
Volume | 13 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 63-69 |
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Abstract | Historically, pet dogs were trained using mainly negative reinforcement or punishment, but positive reinforcement using rewards has recently become more popular. The methods used may have different impacts on the dogs� welfare. We distributed a questionnaire to 364 dog owners in order to examine the relative effectiveness of different training methods and their effects upon a pet dog�s behaviour. When asked how they trained their dog on seven basic tasks, 66% reported using vocal punishment, 12% used physical punishment, 60% praise (social reward), 51% food rewards and 11% play. The owner�s ratings for their dog�s obedience during eight tasks correlated positively with the number of tasks which they trained using rewards (P<0.01), but not using punishment (P=0.5). When asked whether their dog exhibited any of 16 common problematic behaviours, the number of problems reported by the owners correlated with the number of tasks for which their dog was trained using punishment (P<0.001), but not using rewards (P=0.17). Exhibition of problematic behaviours may be indicative of compromised welfare, because such behaviours can be caused byor result ina state of anxiety and may lead to a dog being relinquished or abandoned. Because punishment was associated with an increased incidence of problematic behaviours, we conclude that it may represent a welfare concern without concurrent benefits in obedience. We suggest that positive training methods may be more useful to the pet-owning community. | ||||
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ISSN | 0962-7286 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ Hiby:2004:0962-7286:63 | Serial | 6433 | ||
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Author | McLean, A.N. | ||||
Title | The mental processes of the horse and their consequences for training | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Animal Welfare Science Centre | Abbreviated Journal | |
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Notes | Cited By (since 1996): 1; Export Date: 24 October 2008 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Admin @ knut @ | Serial | 4619 | ||
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Author | Gentner, T.Q. | ||||
Title | Neural Systems for Individual Song Recognition in Adult Birds | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 1016 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 282-302 |
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Abstract | The songbird auditory system is an excellent model for neuroethological studies of the mechanisms that govern the perception and cognition of natural stimuli (i.e., song), and the translation of corresponding representations into natural behaviors. One common songbird behavior is the learned recognition of individual conspecific songs. This chapter summarizes the research effort to identify the brain regions and mechanisms mediating individual song recognition in European starlings, a species of songbird. The results of laboratory behavioral studies are reviewed, which show that when adult starlings learn to recognize other individual's songs, they do so by memorizing large sets of song elements, called motifs. Recent data from single neurons in the caudal medial portion of the mesopallium are then reviewed, showing that song recognition learning leads to explicit representation of acoustic features that correspond closely to specific motifs, but only to motifs in the songs that birds have learned to recognize. This suggests that the strength and tuning of high-level auditory object representations, of the sort that presumably underlie many forms of vocal communication, are shaped by each animal's unique experience. | ||||
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Notes | 10.1196/annals.1298.008 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2961 | ||
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