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Fruehwirth, B.; Peham, C.; Scheidl, M.; Schobesberger, H. | ||||
| Title | Evaluation of pressure distribution under an English saddle at walk, trot and canter | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Equine Veterinary Journal | Abbreviated Journal | Equine Vet J |
| Volume | 36 | Issue | 8 | Pages | 754-757 |
| Keywords | Animals; Back/*physiology; Biomechanics; Body Weight/physiology; Exercise Test/veterinary; Gait/*physiology; Horses/*physiology; Humans; Locomotion/*physiology; Pressure | ||||
| Abstract | REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Basic information about the influence of a rider on the equine back is currently lacking. HYPOTHESIS: That pressure distribution under a saddle is different between the walk, trot and canter. METHODS: Twelve horses without clinical signs of back pain were ridden. At least 6 motion cycles at walk, trot and canter were measured kinematically. Using a saddle pad, the pressure distribution was recorded. The maximum overall force (MOF) and centre of pressure (COP) were calculated. The range of back movement was determined from a marker placed on the withers. RESULTS: MOF and COP showed a consistent time pattern in each gait. MOF was 12.1 +/- 1.2 and 243 +/- 4.6 N/kg at walk and trot, respectively, in the ridden horse. In the unridden horse MOF was 172.7 +/- 11.8 N (walk) and 302.4 +/- 33.9 N (trot). At ridden canter, MOF was 27.2 +/- 4.4 N/kg. The range of motion of the back of the ridden horse was significantly lower compared to the unridden, saddled horse. CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Analyses may help quantitative and objective evaluation of the interaction between rider and horse as mediated through the saddle. The information presented is therefore of importance to riders, saddlers and equine clinicians. With the technique used in this study, style, skill and training level of different riders can be quantified, which would give the opportunity to detect potentially harmful influences and create opportunities for improvement. | ||||
| Address | Movement Science Group, Department V, Clinic of Orthopaedics in Ungulates, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0425-1644 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:15656510 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4041 | ||
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| Author |
Gácsi, M.; Miklósi, Á.; Varga, O.; Topál, J.; Csányi, V. | ||||
| Title | Are readers of our face readers of our minds? Dogs (Canis familiaris) show situation-dependent recognition of human's attention | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume | 7 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 144-153 |
| Keywords | Animals; Association Learning; *Attention; Bonding, Human-Pet; Cognition; *Concept Formation; Cues; Dogs/*psychology; *Facial Expression; Female; Humans; Male; *Nonverbal Communication; *Recognition (Psychology); Social Behavior | ||||
| Abstract | The ability of animals to use behavioral/facial cues in detection of human attention has been widely investigated. In this test series we studied the ability of dogs to recognize human attention in different experimental situations (ball-fetching game, fetching objects on command, begging from humans). The attentional state of the humans was varied along two variables: (1) facing versus not facing the dog; (2) visible versus non-visible eyes. In the first set of experiments (fetching) the owners were told to take up different body positions (facing or not facing the dog) and to either cover or not cover their eyes with a blindfold. In the second set of experiments (begging) dogs had to choose between two eating humans based on either the visibility of the eyes or direction of the face. Our results show that the efficiency of dogs to discriminate between “attentive” and “inattentive” humans depended on the context of the test, but they could rely on the orientation of the body, the orientation of the head and the visibility of the eyes. With the exception of the fetching-game situation, they brought the object to the front of the human (even if he/she turned his/her back towards the dog), and preferentially begged from the facing (or seeing) human. There were also indications that dogs were sensitive to the visibility of the eyes because they showed increased hesitative behavior when approaching a blindfolded owner, and they also preferred to beg from the person with visible eyes. We conclude that dogs are able to rely on the same set of human facial cues for detection of attention, which form the behavioral basis of understanding attention in humans. Showing the ability of recognizing human attention across different situations dogs proved to be more flexible than chimpanzees investigated in similar circumstances. | ||||
| Address | Comparative Ethology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Pazmany P. 1/c., 1117, Budapest, Hungary. gm.art@axelero.hu | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1435-9448 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:14669075 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2547 | ||
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| Author |
Gajdon G.K.,; Fijn N.,; Huber L., | ||||
| Title | Testing social learning in a wild mountain parrot, the kea (Nestor notabilis) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Learning & Behavior | Abbreviated Journal | Learn. Behav. |
| Volume | 32 | Issue | Pages | 62-71 | |
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| Abstract | Huber, Taborsky, and Rechberger (2001) reported an experiment in which the efficiency with which captive keas opened a complex food container was increased by observation of a skilled conspecific. However, only testing social learning in free-ranging animals can demonstrate social learning in natural conditions. For that purpose, a tube-lifting paradigm was developed and tested on keas both in captivity and in Mount Cook National Park, New Zealand. The task was to remove a tube from an upright pole in order to gain access to a reward inside the tube. The top of the pole was higher than a standing kea, so that, to remove the tube, an individual had to simultaneously climb onto the pole and manipulate the tube up the pole with its bill. Because only 1 naive bird managed to remove a tube twice in 25 halfhour sessions and disappeared after success, another bird was trained to solve the task and to provide demonstrations for others. Even under such conditions, only 2 of at least 15 birds learned to remove the tube in 28 sessions. There was no indication that observer birds' use of bill and feet when exploring the tube changed as the number of observations of tube removal increased in a way that would, in principle, increase the likelihood of tube removal. The results suggest a dissociation of social learning potential as assessed in laboratory animals, and social transmission of foraging techniques in natural populations. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 830 | ||
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| Author |
Galef Jr B.G., | ||||
| Title | Approaches to the study of traditional behaviors of free-living animals | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Learning & Behavior | Abbreviated Journal | Learn. Behav. |
| Volume | 32 | Issue | Pages | 53-61 | |
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| Abstract | I review literature on four different approaches to the study of traditions in animals: observation of free-living animals, laboratory experiment, armchair analysis, and field experiment. Because, by definition, a tradition entails social learning of some kind, it is difficult, perhaps impossible, to establish that a behavior is in fact traditional without knowledge of how it develops. Observations of free-living animals often provide strong circumstantial evidence of a tradition. However, even in the view of several researchers who have studied possibly traditional behaviors in natural populations, observation alone has not proven sufficient to show that social learning contributes to development of behaviors of interest. The relevance of laboratory experiments to the understanding of the development of behaviors in free-living animals is always open to challenge. Armchair analyses of field data can produce interesting hypotheses but cannot test them. Field experiments to determine how behaviors of interest develop in population members provide a promising way forward. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 829 | ||
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| Author |
Galef, J., Bennett G.; Whiskin, E.E. | ||||
| Title | Effects of environmental stability and demonstrator age on social learning of food preferences by young Norway rats | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Animal Behaviour | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
| Volume | 68 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 897-902 |
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| Abstract | We used socially learned food preferences of Norway rats, Rattus norvegicus, to examine two common predictions of formal models of social learning in animals: (1) that animals living in relatively stable environments should be more attentive to socially acquired information than animals living in highly variable environments, and (2) that older demonstrators should have greater influence than younger demonstrators on the behaviour of young observers. Old and young demonstrators were equally effective in modifying the food preferences of juveniles that interacted with them. However, food choices of rats that were moved daily from one cage to another and fed at unpredictable times for unpredictable periods were less affected by demonstrators than were rats maintained in stable environments. Our results thus provided experimental support for the first, but not the second, prediction from theory. | ||||
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| ISSN | 0003-3472 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5610 | ||
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| Author |
Gardner, A., West, S. A. | ||||
| Title | Cooperation and Punishment, Especially in Humans | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | The American Naturalist | Abbreviated Journal | Americ. Natur. |
| Volume | 164 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 753-764 |
| Keywords | kin selection, neighbor-modulated fitness, repression of | ||||
| Abstract | Explaining altruistic cooperation is one of the greatest challenges faced by sociologists, economists, and evolutionary biologists. The problem is determining why an individual would carry out a costly behavior that benefits another. Possible solutions to this problem include kinship, repeated interactions, and policing. Another solution that has recently received much attention is the threat of punishment. However, punishing behavior is often costly for the punisher, and so it is not immediately clear how costly punishment could evolve. We use a direct (neighbor-modulated) fitness approach to analyze when punishment is favored. This methodology reveals that, contrary to previous suggestions, relatedness between interacting individuals is not crucial to explaining cooperation through punishment. In fact, increasing relatedness directly disfavors punishing behavior. Instead, the crucial factor is a positive correlation between the punishment strategy of an individual and the cooperation it receives. This could arise in several ways, such as when facultative adjustment of behavior leads individuals to cooperate more when interacting with individuals who are more likely to punish. More generally, our results provide a clear example of how the fundamental factor driving the evolution of social traits is a correlation between social partners and how this can arise for reasons other than genealogical kinship. |
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| Address | University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 341 | ||
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| Author |
Gasser, R.B.; Hung, G.-C.; Chilton, N.B.; Beveridge, I. | ||||
| Title | Advances in developing molecular-diagnostic tools for strongyloid nematodes of equids: fundamental and applied implications | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Molecular and Cellular Probes | Abbreviated Journal | Mol Cell Probes |
| Volume | 18 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 3-16 |
| Keywords | Animals; DNA, Helminth; DNA, Ribosomal/analysis; Equidae/*parasitology; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques/*methods; Parasitic Diseases, Animal/diagnosis; Strongylida/classification/genetics; Strongylida Infections/*diagnosis/epidemiology/etiology/veterinary | ||||
| Abstract | Infections of equids with parasitic nematodes of the order Strongylida (subfamilies Strongylinae and Cyathostominae) are of major veterinary importance. In last decades, the widespread use of drugs against these parasites has led to problems of resistance within the Cyathostominae, and to an increase in their prevalence and intensity of infection. Novel control strategies, based on improved knowledge of parasite biology and epidemiology, have thus become important. However, there are substantial limitations in the understanding of fundamental biological and systematic aspects of these parasites, which have been due largely to limitations in their specific identification and diagnosis using traditional, morphological approaches. Recently, there has been progress in the development of DNA-based approaches for the specific identification of strongyloids of equids for systematic studies and disease diagnosis. The present article briefly reviews information on the classification, biology, pathogenesis, epidemiology of equine strongyloids and the diagnosis of infections, highlights knowledge gaps in these areas, describes recent advances in the use of molecular techniques for the genetic characterisation, specific identification and differentiation of strongyloids of equids as a basis for fundamental investigations of the systematics, population biology and ecology. | ||||
| Address | Department of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia. robinbg@unimelb.edu.au | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0890-8508 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:15036364 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2636 | ||
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| Author |
Gauvin, S.; Giraldeau, L.-A. | ||||
| Title | Nutmeg mannikins ( Lonchura punctulata) reduce their feeding rates in response to simulated competition | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Oecologia | Abbreviated Journal | Oecologia |
| Volume | 139 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 150-156 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Feeding Behavior; Population Density; *Social Behavior; *Songbirds | ||||
| Abstract | Group feeding animals experience a number of competitive foraging costs that may result in a lowered feeding rate. It is important to distinguish between reductions in feeding rates that are caused by reduced food availability and physical interactions among foragers from those caused by the mere presence of foraging companions that may be self-imposed in order to obtain some benefit of group membership. Starlings ( Sturnus vulgaris) reduce their feeding rates when in the company of simulated competitors located in an adjacent cage that cannot affect the food availability or interact with the forager. In the present study, we investigate whether the presence of simulated competitors in another species of passerine, nutmeg mannikins ( Lonchura punctulata), can result in self-imposed reductions in feeding rates. When feeding in the company of simulated competitors, mannikins spent more non-foraging time near them, fed more slowly, reduced travel times between patches, reduced their scanning time and pecked more slowly. These results provide evidence that simulated competitors induce a reduction in pecking rate: behavioural interference. These self-imposed responses to competitors may have resulted from attempts to remain close to the non-feeding companions. Such self-imposed reductions in feeding rates may be a widespread yet generally unrecognised foraging cost to group feeding individuals. | ||||
| Address | Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada | ||||
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| ISSN | 0029-8549 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:14722748 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 2133 | |||
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| Author |
Geisbauer, G.; Griebel, U.; Schmid, A.; Timney, B | ||||
| Title | Brightness discrimination and neutral point | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Canadian Journal of Zoology | Abbreviated Journal | Can. J. Zool |
| Volume | 82 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 660-670 |
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| Abstract | Abstract: Equine brightness discrimination ability and color discrimination were measured using a two-choice discrimination task. Two Haflinger horses (Equus caballus L., 1758) were trained to discriminate 30 different shades of grey varying from low to high relative brightness. Their ability to distinguish shades of grey was poor, with calculated Weber fractions of 0.42 and 0.45. In addition, a “neutral point” test to determine the dimensionality of color vision was carried out. Three hues of blue-green were tested versus a range of grey targets with brightnesses similar to those of the blue-green targets. A neutral point was found at about 480 nm. Thus, we can conclude that horses possess dichromatic color vision. |
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| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3649 | ||
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| Author |
Gentner, T.Q. | ||||
| Title | Neural Systems for Individual Song Recognition in Adult Birds | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 1016 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 282-302 |
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| Abstract | The songbird auditory system is an excellent model for neuroethological studies of the mechanisms that govern the perception and cognition of natural stimuli (i.e., song), and the translation of corresponding representations into natural behaviors. One common songbird behavior is the learned recognition of individual conspecific songs. This chapter summarizes the research effort to identify the brain regions and mechanisms mediating individual song recognition in European starlings, a species of songbird. The results of laboratory behavioral studies are reviewed, which show that when adult starlings learn to recognize other individual's songs, they do so by memorizing large sets of song elements, called motifs. Recent data from single neurons in the caudal medial portion of the mesopallium are then reviewed, showing that song recognition learning leads to explicit representation of acoustic features that correspond closely to specific motifs, but only to motifs in the songs that birds have learned to recognize. This suggests that the strength and tuning of high-level auditory object representations, of the sort that presumably underlie many forms of vocal communication, are shaped by each animal's unique experience. | ||||
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| Notes | 10.1196/annals.1298.008 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2961 | ||
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