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Author | Lazareva, O.F.; Smirnova, A.A.; Bagozkaja, M.S.; Zorina, Z.A.; Rayevsky, V.V.; Wasserman, E.A. | ||||
Title | Transitive responding in hooded crows requires linearly ordered stimuli | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior | Abbreviated Journal | J Exp Anal Behav |
Volume | 82 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 1-19 |
Keywords | Animals; *Association; Cognition/physiology; Crows; Discrimination (Psychology); *Discrimination Learning; Feedback; Reinforcement (Psychology); Visual Perception/physiology | ||||
Abstract | Eight crows were taught to discriminate overlapping pairs of visual stimuli (A+ B-, B+ C-, C+ D-, and D+ E-). For 4 birds, the stimuli were colored cards with a circle of the same color on the reverse side whose diameter decreased from A to E (ordered feedback group). These circles were made available for comparison to potentially help the crows order the stimuli along a physical dimension. For the other 4 birds, the circles corresponding to the colored cards had the same diameter (constant feedback group). In later testing, a novel choice pair (BD) was presented. Reinforcement history involving stimuli B and D was controlled so that the reinforcement/nonreinforcement ratios for the latter would be greater than for the former. If, during the BD test, the crows chose between stimuli according to these reinforcement/nonreinforcement ratios, then they should prefer D; if they chose according to the diameter of the feedback stimuli, then they should prefer B. In the ordered feedback group, the crows strongly preferred B over D; in the constant feedback group, the crows' choice did not differ significantly from chance. These results, plus simulations using associative models, suggest that the orderability of the postchoice feedback stimuli is important for crows' transitive responding. | ||||
Address | Institute of Higher Nervous Activity, Moscow State University. olga-lazareva@uiowa.edu | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0022-5002 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:15484868 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 612 | ||
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Author | Schwartz, B.L.; Meissner, C.A.; Hoffman, M.; Evans, S.; Frazier, L.D. | ||||
Title | Event memory and misinformation effects in a gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
Volume | 7 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 93-100 |
Keywords | Animals; *Deception; *Discrimination Learning; Gorilla gorilla/*psychology; Male; *Pattern Recognition, Visual; Photography; *Recognition (Psychology) | ||||
Abstract | Event memory and misinformation effects were examined in an adult male gorilla ( Gorilla gorilla gorilla). The gorilla witnessed a series of unique events, involving a familiar person engaging in a novel behavior (experiment 1), a novel person engaging in a novel behavior (experiment 2), or the presentation of a novel object (experiment 3). Following a 5- to 10-min retention interval, a tester gave the gorilla three photographs mounted on wooden cards: a photograph depicting the correct person or object and two distractor photographs drawn from the same class. The gorilla responded by returning a photograph. If correct, he was reinforced with food. Across three experiments, the gorilla performed significantly above chance at recognizing the target photograph. In experiment 4, the gorilla showed at-chance performance when the event was followed by misinformation (a class-consistent, but incorrect photograph), but significantly above-chance performance when no misinformation occurred (either correct photograph or no photograph). Although the familiarity can account for these data, they are also consistent with an episodic-memory interpretation. | ||||
Address | Florida International University, University Park, FL 33199, Miami, USA. schwartb@fiu.edu | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 1435-9448 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:15069608 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2532 | ||
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Author | White, D.J. | ||||
Title | Influences of social learning on mate-choice decisions | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Learning & Behavior | Abbreviated Journal | Learn. Behav. |
Volume | 32 | Issue | Pages | 105-113 | |
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Abstract | Evidence from both field and laboratory is consistent with the hypothesis that animals can acquire mate preferences by observing the mating behavior of others. It is difficult, however, to distinguish social learning about mates from a host of other social effects on mating that do not produce changes in preferences. Examples are drawn from laboratory studies on mate choice in female and male Japanese quail that illustrate ways in which social cues influence mating decisions. Quail of both sexes use social cues to modify their mate choices, but the sexes use the information to serve different purposes. Female quail gain preferences for males seen mating with other females, whereas males avoid females that they had observed mating with other males. This sex difference in social learning provides an example of how costs and benefits of sexual behavior can shape decision-making processes. Implications of the influence of social learning on sexual selection are briefly discussed. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 833 | ||
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Author | Cameron, E.Z. | ||||
Title | Facultative adjustment of mammalian sex ratios in support of the Trivers-Willard hypothesis: evidence for a mechanism | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society | Abbreviated Journal | Proc Biol Sci |
Volume | 271 | Issue | 1549 | Pages | 1723-1728 |
Keywords | Age Factors; Animals; Body Constitution; *Evolution; Female; Glucose/metabolism/physiology; Litter Size; Male; Mammals/*physiology; *Models, Biological; Reproduction/physiology; Seasons; Sex Factors; *Sex Ratio; Time Factors | ||||
Abstract | Evolutionary theory predicts that mothers of different condition should adjust the birth sex ratio of their offspring in relation to future reproductive benefits. Published studies addressing variation in mammalian sex ratios have produced surprisingly contradictory results. Explaining the source of such variation has been a challenge for sex-ratio theory, not least because no mechanism for sex-ratio adjustment is known. I conducted a meta-analysis of previous mammalian sex-ratio studies to determine if there are any overall patterns in sex-ratio variation. The contradictory nature of previous results was confirmed. However, studies that investigated indices of condition around conception show almost unanimous support for the prediction that mothers in good condition bias their litters towards sons. Recent research on the role of glucose in reproductive functioning have shown that excess glucose favours the development of male blastocysts, providing a potential mechanism for sex-ratio variation in relation to maternal condition around conception. Furthermore, many of the conflicting results from studies on sex-ratio adjustment would be explained if glucose levels in utero during early cell division contributed to the determination of offspring sex ratios. | ||||
Address | Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa. ezcameron@zoology.up.ac.za | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0962-8452 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:15306293 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 413 | ||
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Author | Subiaul, F.; Cantlon, J.F.; Holloway, R.L.; Terrace, H.S. | ||||
Title | Cognitive imitation in rhesus macaques | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Science (New York, N.Y.) | Abbreviated Journal | Science |
Volume | 305 | Issue | 5682 | Pages | 407-410 |
Keywords | Animals; *Cognition; *Imitative Behavior; *Learning; Macaca mulatta/*physiology/psychology; Male | ||||
Abstract | Experiments on imitation typically evaluate a student's ability to copy some feature of an expert's motor behavior. Here, we describe a type of observational learning in which a student copies a cognitive rule rather than a specific motor action. Two rhesus macaques were trained to respond, in a prescribed order, to different sets of photographs that were displayed on a touch-sensitive monitor. Because the position of the photographs varied randomly from trial to trial, sequences could not be learned by motor imitation. Both monkeys learned new sequences more rapidly after observing an expert execute those sequences than when they had to learn new sequences entirely by trial and error. | ||||
Address | Department of Anthropology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA. subiaul@aol.com | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 1095-9203 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:15256673 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2839 | ||
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Author | Gardner, A., West, S. A. | ||||
Title | Cooperation and Punishment, Especially in Humans | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | The American Naturalist | Abbreviated Journal | Americ. Natur. |
Volume | 164 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 753-764 |
Keywords | kin selection, neighbor-modulated fitness, repression of | ||||
Abstract | Explaining altruistic cooperation is one of the greatest challenges faced by sociologists, economists, and evolutionary biologists. The problem is determining why an individual would carry out a costly behavior that benefits another. Possible solutions to this problem include kinship, repeated interactions, and policing. Another solution that has recently received much attention is the threat of punishment. However, punishing behavior is often costly for the punisher, and so it is not immediately clear how costly punishment could evolve. We use a direct (neighbor-modulated) fitness approach to analyze when punishment is favored. This methodology reveals that, contrary to previous suggestions, relatedness between interacting individuals is not crucial to explaining cooperation through punishment. In fact, increasing relatedness directly disfavors punishing behavior. Instead, the crucial factor is a positive correlation between the punishment strategy of an individual and the cooperation it receives. This could arise in several ways, such as when facultative adjustment of behavior leads individuals to cooperate more when interacting with individuals who are more likely to punish. More generally, our results provide a clear example of how the fundamental factor driving the evolution of social traits is a correlation between social partners and how this can arise for reasons other than genealogical kinship. |
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Address | University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 341 | ||
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Author | da Costa, A.P.; Leigh, A.E.; Man, M.-S.; Kendrick, K.M. | ||||
Title | Face pictures reduce behavioural, autonomic, endocrine and neural indices of stress and fear in sheep | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. |
Volume | 271 | Issue | 1552 | Pages | 2077-2084 |
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Abstract | Faces are highly emotive stimuli and we find smiling or familiar faces both attractive and comforting, even as young babies. Do other species with sophisticated face recognition skills, such as sheep, also respond to the emotional significance of familiar faces? We report that when sheep experience social isolation, the sight of familiar sheep face pictures compared with those of goats or inverted triangles significantly reduces behavioural (activity and protest vocalizations), autonomic (heart rate) and endocrine (cortisol and adrenaline) indices of stress. They also increase mRNA expression of activity–dependent genes (c–fos and zif/268) in brain regions specialized for processing faces (temporal and medial frontal cortices and basolateral amygdala) and for emotional control (orbitofrontal and cingulate cortex), and reduce their expression in regions associated with stress responses (hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus) and fear (central and lateral amygdala). Effects on face recognition, emotional control and fear centres are restricted to the right brain hemisphere. Results provide evidence that face pictures may be useful for relieving stress caused by unavoidable social isolation in sheep, and possibly other animal species, including humans. The finding that sheep, like humans, appear to have a right brain hemisphere involvement in the control of negative emotional experiences also suggests that functional lateralization of brain emotion systems may be a general feature in mammals. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5354 | ||
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Author | Birke, L.; Bryld, M.; Lykke, N. | ||||
Title | Animal Performances: An Exploration of Intersections between Feminist Science Studies and Studies of Human/Animal Relationships | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Feminist Theory | Abbreviated Journal | Fem Theor |
Volume | 5 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 167-183 |
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Abstract | Feminist science studies have given scant regard to non-human animals. In this paper, we argue that it is important for feminist theory to address the complex relationships between humans and other animals, and the implications of these for feminism. We use the notion of performativity, particularly as it has been developed by Karen Barad, to explore the intersections of feminism and studies of the human/animal relationship. Performativity, we argue, helps to challenge the persistent dichotomy between human/culture and animals/nature. It emphasizes, moreover, how animality is a doing or becoming, not an essence; so, performativity allows us to think about the complexity of human/animal interrelating as a kind of choreography, a co-creation of behaviour. We illustrate the discussion using the example of the laboratory rat, who can be thought of both in terms of a materialization of specific scientific practices and as active participants in the creation of their own meaning, alongside the human participants in science. There are three, intertwined, senses in which we might think about performativity – that of animality, of humannness, and of the relationship between the two. Bringing animals into discussions about performativity poses questions for both feminist theory and for the study of human/animal relationships, we argue: both human and animal can conjointly be engaged in reconfiguring the world, and our theorizing must reflect that complexity. We are all matter, and we all matter. | ||||
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Notes | 10.1177/1464700104045406 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3594 | ||
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Author | Emery, N.J.; Dally, J.M.; Clayton, N.S. | ||||
Title | Western scrub-jays ( Aphelocoma californica) use cognitive strategies to protect their caches from thieving conspecifics | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
Volume | 7 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 37-43 |
Keywords | Animals; Birds/*physiology; Feeding Behavior/*physiology; Female; *Food; Male; *Memory | ||||
Abstract | Food caching birds hide food and recover the caches when supplies are less abundant. There is, however, a risk to this strategy because the caches are susceptible to pilfering by others. Corvids use a number of different strategies to reduce possible cache theft. Scrub-jays with previous experience of pilfering other's caches cached worms in two visuospatially distinct caching trays either in private or in the presence of a conspecific. When these storers had cached in private, they subsequently observed both trays out of reach of a conspecific. When these storers had cached in the presence of a conspecific, they subsequently watched the observer pilfering from one of the trays while the other tray was placed in full view, but out of reach. The storers were then allowed to recover the remaining caches 3 h later. Jays cached more worms when they were observed during caching. At the time of recovery, they re-cached more than if they had cached in private, selectively re-caching outside of the trays in sites unbeknown to potential thieves. In addition, after a single pilfering trial, the jays switched their recovery strategy from predominantly checking their caches (i.e. returning to a cache site to see whether the food remained there) to predominantly eating them. Re-caching remained constant across the three trials. These results suggest that scrub-jays use flexible, cognitive caching and recovery strategies to aid in reducing potential future pilfering of caches by conspecifics. | ||||
Address | Sub-department of Animal Behaviour, University of Cambridge, High Street, CB3 8AA Madingley, Cambs, UK. nje23@cam.ac.uk | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 1435-9448 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:12827547 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2566 | ||
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Author | Pepperberg, I.M. | ||||
Title | “Insightful” string-pulling in Grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) is affected by vocal competence | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
Volume | 7 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 263-266 |
Keywords | Animals; *Association Learning; *Discrimination Learning; Humans; Male; *Parrots; *Problem Solving; Verbal Behavior; Verbal Learning; *Vocalization, Animal | ||||
Abstract | Four Grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) were tested on their ability to obtain an item suspended from a string such that mutiple, repeated, coordinated beak-foot actions were required for success (e.g., Heinrich 1995). Those birds with little training in referential English requests (e.g. “I want X”) succeeded, whereas birds who could request the suspended item failed to obtain the object but engaged in repeated requesting. | ||||
Address | MIT School of Architecture and Planning, Bldg 7-231, 77 Massachusetts Ave, MA 02139, Cambridge, USA. impepper@media.mit.edu | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 1435-9448 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:15045620 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2537 | ||
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