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Author Van Doorn G.S.; Hengeveld G.M.; Weissing F.J.
Title The Evolution of Social Dominance I: Two-player Models Type Journal Article
Year 2003 Publication Behavior Abbreviated Journal Behavior
Volume 140 Issue 10 Pages 1305-1332
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Abstract A difference in dominance rank is an often-used cue to resolve conflicts between two animals without escalated fights. At the group level, adherence to a dominance convention efficiently reduces the costs associated with conflicts, but from an individual's point of view, it is difficult to explain why a low ranking individual should accept its subordinate status. This is especially true if, as suggested by several authors, dominance not necessarily reflects differences in fighting ability but rather results from arbitrary historical asymmetries. According to this idea, rank differentiation emerges from behavioural strategies, referred to as winner and loser effects, in which winners of previous conflicts are more likely to win the current conflict, whereas the losers of previous conflicts are less likely to do so. In order to investigate whether dominance, based on such winner and loser effects, can be evolutionarily stable, we analyse a game theoretical model. The model focuses on an extreme case in which there are no differences in fighting ability between individuals at all. The only asymmetries that may arise between individuals are generated by the outcome of previous conflicts. By means of numerical analysis, we find alternative evolutionarily stable strategies, which all utilize these asymmetries for conventional conflict resolution. One class of these strategies is based on winner and loser effects, thus generating evolutionarily stable dominance relations even in the absence of differences in resource holding potential.
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5105
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Author Van Doorn G.S.; Hengeveld G.M.; Weissing F.J.
Title The Evolution of Social Dominance II: Multi-Player Models Type Journal Article
Year 2003 Publication Behavior Abbreviated Journal Behavior
Volume 140 Issue 10 Pages 1333-1358
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Abstract The social hierarchies observed in natural systems often show a high degree of transitivity. Transitive hierarchies do not only require rank differentiation within pairs of individuals but also a higher level ordering of relations within the group. Several authors have suggested that the formation of linear hierarchies at the group level is an emergent property of individual behavioural rules, referred to as winner and loser effects. Winner and loser effects occur if winners of previous conflicts are more likely to escalate the current conflict, whereas the losers of previous conflicts are less likely to do so. According to this idea, an individual's position in a hierarchy may not necessarily reflect its fighting ability, but may rather result from arbitrary historical asymmetries, in particular the history of victories and defeats. However, if this is the case, it is difficult to explain from an evolutionary perspective why a low ranking individual should accept its subordinate status. Here we present a game theoretical model to investigate whether winner and loser effects giving rise to transitive hierarchies can evolve and under which conditions they are evolutionarily stable. The main version of the model focuses on an extreme case in which there are no intrinsic differences in fighting ability between individuals. The only asymmetries that may arise between individuals are generated by the outcome of previous conflicts. We show that, at evolutionary equilibrium, these asymmetries can be utilized for conventional conflict resolution. Several evolutionarily stable strategies are based on winner and loser effects and these strategies give rise to transitive hierarchies.
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5106
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Author Camazine, S.; Deneubourg, J.L.; Franks, N.R.; Sneyd, J.; Theraula, G.; Bonabeau, E.
Title Self-Organization in Biological Systems Type Book Whole
Year 2003 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
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Publisher Princeton University Press Place of Publication Princeton Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
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ISSN ISBN 978-0691116242 Medium
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5143
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Author Couzin, I.D.; Krause, J.
Title Self-Organization and Collective Behavior in Vertebrates Type Book Chapter
Year 2003 Publication Advances in the Study of Behavior Abbreviated Journal
Volume 32 Issue Pages 1-75
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Publisher Academic Press Place of Publication Editor Peter J. B. Slater, J.S.R., Charles T. Snowdon and Timothy J. Roper
Language Summary Language Original Title
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ISSN ISBN 0065-3454 Medium
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5144
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Author Waeber P.O.; Hemelrijk C.K.
Title Female Dominance and Social Structure in Alaotran Gentle Lemurs Type Journal Article
Year 2003 Publication Behaviour Abbreviated Journal Behaviour
Volume 140 Issue 10 Pages 1235-1246
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Abstract Abstract:

Lemur social systems have the striking social feature, that adult females consistently evoke submissive behaviour of adult males. In the Alaotran gentle lemur, Hapalemur griseus alaotrensis, however, female dominance has not been studied yet. Here we confirm female dominance over males on the basis of a 5-month field study of the social behaviour of four groups, in the Lake Alaotra marshland of eastern Madagascar. Further, we found that dominant individuals initiated aggressive interactions significantly more often than lowerranking ones, they initiated group movements more often and higher-ranking individuals were groomed more often. The spatial configuration was remarkable, since individuals were closer in space to those more distant in rank.
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5148
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Author Silk, J.B.; Alberts, S.C.; Altmann, J.
Title Social Bonds of Female Baboons Enhance Infant Survival Type Journal Article
Year 2003 Publication Science Abbreviated Journal Science
Volume 302 Issue 5648 Pages 1231-1234
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Abstract Among nonhuman primates, females often form strong bonds with kin and other group members. These relationships are thought to have adaptive value for females, but direct effects of sociality on fitness have never been demonstrated. We present 16 years of behavioral data from a well-studied population of wild baboons, which demonstrate that sociality of adult females is positively associated with infant survival, an important component of variation in female lifetime fitness. The effects of sociality on infant survival are independent of the effects of dominance rank, group membership, and environmental conditions. Our results are consistent with the evidence that social support has beneficial effects on human health and well-being across the life span. For humans and other primates, sociality has adaptive value.
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Notes 10.1126/science.1088580 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5151
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Author Aberle, K. S.
Title Untersuchung der Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse, Inzucht und genetischen Distanzen bei den deutschen Kaltblutpferderassen Type Manuscript
Year 2003 Publication Abbreviated Journal
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Corporate Author Thesis Ph.D. thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Hannover Editor
Language German Summary Language Original Title
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5185
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Author van Duijn, M. A.J.
Title Software for Social Network Analysis Type Manuscript
Year 2003 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
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Abstract This chapter gives a state-of-the art overview of available (free and commercial)

software for social network analysis as of fall 2003. It reviews and compares

six programs, illustrating their functionality with example data. Data manipulation

options and available support are also discussed. Furthermore, seventeen

other, of which nine special-purpose, software packages and ve software routine

packages for general statistical software are reviewed brie

y. The chapter

concludes with some recommendations.
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Publisher Heymans Institute/DPMG Place of Publication University of Groningen Editor
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5205
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Author Kubinyi, E.; Topál, J.; Miklósi, Á.; Csányi, V.
Title Dogs (Canis familiaris) learn their owners via observation in a manipulation task. Type Journal Article
Year 2003 Publication Journal of Comparative Psychology Abbreviated Journal J. Comp. Psychol.
Volume 117 Issue 2 Pages 156-165
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Abstract Eighty-seven pet dogs (Canis familiaris) were involved in an experiment in which they had to solve a task to obtain a ball. After witnessing a full demonstration by their owner (10 times pushing the handle of the box, which released a ball), most dogs preferred to touch the handle sooner and more frequently in comparison with other parts of the box, and they used the handle to get the ball. In contrast dogs in 3 control groups developed their own respective methods. The lack of emergence of the ball and playing after the demonstration did not affect the learning performance strongly. This suggests that in dogs the outcome of a demonstration plays only a restricted role in the manifestation of social learning. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5210
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Author Newman, M.E.J.
Title Mixing patterns in networks Type Journal Article
Year 2003 Publication Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics Abbreviated Journal Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys
Volume 67 Issue 2 Pt 2 Pages 026126
Keywords (up)
Abstract We study assortative mixing in networks, the tendency for vertices in networks to be connected to other vertices that are like (or unlike) them in some way. We consider mixing according to discrete characteristics such as language or race in social networks and scalar characteristics such as age. As a special example of the latter we consider mixing according to vertex degree, i.e., according to the number of connections vertices have to other vertices: do gregarious people tend to associate with other gregarious people? We propose a number of measures of assortative mixing appropriate to the various mixing types, and apply them to a variety of real-world networks, showing that assortative mixing is a pervasive phenomenon found in many networks. We also propose several models of assortatively mixed networks, both analytic ones based on generating function methods, and numerical ones based on Monte Carlo graph generation techniques. We use these models to probe the properties of networks as their level of assortativity is varied. In the particular case of mixing by degree, we find strong variation with assortativity in the connectivity of the network and in the resilience of the network to the removal of vertices.
Address Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1120, USA
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1539-3755 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:12636767 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5215
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