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| Author | Rands, S.A.; Cowlishaw, G.; Pettifor, R.A.; Rowcliffe, J.M.; Johnstone, R.A. | ||||
| Title | Spontaneous emergence of leaders and followers in foraging pairs | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | Nature | Abbreviated Journal | Nature |
| Volume | 423 | Issue | 6938 | Pages | 432-434 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Energy Metabolism; Food; *Food Chain; *Models, Biological; Motor Activity; *Social Behavior; Time Factors | ||||
| Abstract | Animals that forage socially often stand to gain from coordination of their behaviour. Yet it is not known how group members reach a consensus on the timing of foraging bouts. Here we demonstrate a simple process by which this may occur. We develop a state-dependent, dynamic game model of foraging by a pair of animals, in which each individual chooses between resting or foraging during a series of consecutive periods, so as to maximize its own individual chances of survival. We find that, if there is an advantage to foraging together, the equilibrium behaviour of both individuals becomes highly synchronized. As a result of this synchronization, differences in the energetic reserves of the two players spontaneously develop, leading them to adopt different behavioural roles. The individual with lower reserves emerges as the 'pace-maker' who determines when the pair should forage, providing a straightforward resolution to the problem of group coordination. Moreover, the strategy that gives rise to this behaviour can be implemented by a simple 'rule of thumb' that requires no detailed knowledge of the state of other individuals. | ||||
| Address | Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. s.rands@zoo.cam.ac.uk | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0028-0836 | ISBN  |
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| Notes | PMID:12761547 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5138 | ||
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| Author | Waeber P.O.; Hemelrijk C.K. | ||||
| Title | Female Dominance and Social Structure in Alaotran Gentle Lemurs | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | Behaviour | Abbreviated Journal | Behaviour |
| Volume | 140 | Issue | 10 | Pages | 1235-1246 |
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| Abstract | Abstract: Lemur social systems have the striking social feature, that adult females consistently evoke submissive behaviour of adult males. In the Alaotran gentle lemur, Hapalemur griseus alaotrensis, however, female dominance has not been studied yet. Here we confirm female dominance over males on the basis of a 5-month field study of the social behaviour of four groups, in the Lake Alaotra marshland of eastern Madagascar. Further, we found that dominant individuals initiated aggressive interactions significantly more often than lowerranking ones, they initiated group movements more often and higher-ranking individuals were groomed more often. The spatial configuration was remarkable, since individuals were closer in space to those more distant in rank. |
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| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5148 | ||
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| Author | Silk, J.B.; Alberts, S.C.; Altmann, J. | ||||
| Title | Social Bonds of Female Baboons Enhance Infant Survival | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | Science | Abbreviated Journal | Science |
| Volume | 302 | Issue | 5648 | Pages | 1231-1234 |
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| Abstract | Among nonhuman primates, females often form strong bonds with kin and other group members. These relationships are thought to have adaptive value for females, but direct effects of sociality on fitness have never been demonstrated. We present 16 years of behavioral data from a well-studied population of wild baboons, which demonstrate that sociality of adult females is positively associated with infant survival, an important component of variation in female lifetime fitness. The effects of sociality on infant survival are independent of the effects of dominance rank, group membership, and environmental conditions. Our results are consistent with the evidence that social support has beneficial effects on human health and well-being across the life span. For humans and other primates, sociality has adaptive value. | ||||
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| Notes | 10.1126/science.1088580 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5151 | ||
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| Author | Aberle, K. S. | ||||
| Title | Untersuchung der Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse, Inzucht und genetischen Distanzen bei den deutschen Kaltblutpferderassen | Type | Manuscript | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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| Corporate Author | Thesis | Ph.D. thesis | |||
| Publisher | Place of Publication | Hannover | Editor | ||
| Language | German | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5185 | ||
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| Author | van Duijn, M. A.J. | ||||
| Title | Software for Social Network Analysis | Type | Manuscript | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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| Abstract | This chapter gives a state-of-the art overview of available (free and commercial) software for social network analysis as of fall 2003. It reviews and compares six programs, illustrating their functionality with example data. Data manipulation options and available support are also discussed. Furthermore, seventeen other, of which nine special-purpose, software packages and ve software routine packages for general statistical software are reviewed brie y. The chapter concludes with some recommendations. |
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| Publisher | Heymans Institute/DPMG | Place of Publication | University of Groningen | Editor | |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5205 | ||
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| Author | Kubinyi, E.; Topál, J.; Miklósi, Á.; Csányi, V. | ||||
| Title | Dogs (Canis familiaris) learn their owners via observation in a manipulation task. | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | Journal of Comparative Psychology | Abbreviated Journal | J. Comp. Psychol. |
| Volume | 117 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 156-165 |
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| Abstract | Eighty-seven pet dogs (Canis familiaris) were involved in an experiment in which they had to solve a task to obtain a ball. After witnessing a full demonstration by their owner (10 times pushing the handle of the box, which released a ball), most dogs preferred to touch the handle sooner and more frequently in comparison with other parts of the box, and they used the handle to get the ball. In contrast dogs in 3 control groups developed their own respective methods. The lack of emergence of the ball and playing after the demonstration did not affect the learning performance strongly. This suggests that in dogs the outcome of a demonstration plays only a restricted role in the manifestation of social learning. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) | ||||
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| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5210 | ||
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| Author | Newman, M.E.J. | ||||
| Title | The Structure and Function of Complex Networks | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | SIAM Review | Abbreviated Journal | SIAM Rev. |
| Volume | 45 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 167-256 |
| Keywords | networks; graph theory; complex systems; computer networks; social networks; random graphs; percolation theory | ||||
| Abstract | Inspired by empirical studies of networked systems such as the Internet, social networks, and biological networks, researchers have in recent years developed a variety of techniques and models to help us understand or predict the behavior of these systems. Here we review developments in this field, including such concepts as the small-world effect, degree distributions, clustering, network correlations, random graph models, models of network growth and preferential attachment, and dynamical processes taking place on networks. | ||||
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| Publisher | Siam | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5214 | ||
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| Author | Newman, M.E.J. | ||||
| Title | Mixing patterns in networks | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics | Abbreviated Journal | Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys |
| Volume | 67 | Issue | 2 Pt 2 | Pages | 026126 |
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| Abstract | We study assortative mixing in networks, the tendency for vertices in networks to be connected to other vertices that are like (or unlike) them in some way. We consider mixing according to discrete characteristics such as language or race in social networks and scalar characteristics such as age. As a special example of the latter we consider mixing according to vertex degree, i.e., according to the number of connections vertices have to other vertices: do gregarious people tend to associate with other gregarious people? We propose a number of measures of assortative mixing appropriate to the various mixing types, and apply them to a variety of real-world networks, showing that assortative mixing is a pervasive phenomenon found in many networks. We also propose several models of assortatively mixed networks, both analytic ones based on generating function methods, and numerical ones based on Monte Carlo graph generation techniques. We use these models to probe the properties of networks as their level of assortativity is varied. In the particular case of mixing by degree, we find strong variation with assortativity in the connectivity of the network and in the resilience of the network to the removal of vertices. | ||||
| Address | Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1120, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1539-3755 | ISBN |
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| Notes | PMID:12636767 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5215 | ||
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| Author | de Villiers, M.S.; Richardson, P.R.K.; van Jaarsveld, A.S. | ||||
| Title | Patterns of coalition formation and spatial association in a social carnivore, the African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | Journal of Zoology | Abbreviated Journal | J Zool |
| Volume | 260 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 377-389 |
| Keywords | coalitions; social systems; Carnivora; Lycaon pictus | ||||
| Abstract | In many social species, relationships within groups seem to be non-random but related to variables such as rank, kinship or sexual attractiveness. The endangered African wild dog Lycaon pictus is a social carnivore that lives in large, stable packs, and intra-pack associations might be expected to display similar patterns. We investigated patterns of coalition formation (support during dominance interactions, and partnership interactions) and resting associations between members of a captive pack of 19 wild dogs. The social organization of the captive pack was similar to that of free-ranging packs in many respects. Polyadic (group) incidents of coalition support were also observed in a free-ranging pack. Patterns of coalition formation in the captive pack were related to rank. Most aggressive interactions involved high-ranking individuals (particularly the alpha, beta and third-ranking males) and coalitionary support tended to reinforce the existing hierarchy. However, there was at least one example of support influencing a successful rank challenge. Support was affected by potential risks and benefits, the latter including dominance through association and revolutionary alliances. An even stronger pattern overlaid associations between pack members: coalitions and resting associations were strongest between members of the same age–sex cohort, and may have enabled the eventual dominance of younger pack members over adults. Among adults, coalitionary associations were sometimes overridden by intersexual relationships. The results from this captive pack suggest that wild dogs are sensitive to differences in competitive ability. This information, in conjunction with strong affiliative bonds between littermates, is used to manoeuvre for position in the social hierarchy. It may also be important during dispersal, in encounters with other dispersing groups of the same sex. Although most features of the social structure of the captive pack were comparable to those of free-ranging packs, aspects such as the influence of relatedness on coalition formation still need to be explored. | ||||
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| Publisher | Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| ISSN | 1469-7998 | ISBN |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5249 | ||
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| Author | Lee, R.D. | ||||
| Title | Rethinking the evolutionary theory of aging: transfers, not births, shape senescence in social species | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | Abbreviated Journal | Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |
| Volume | 100 | Issue | 16 | Pages | 9637-9642 |
| Keywords | Adaptation, Physiological; *Aging; Animals; *Biological Evolution; Demography; Economics; Environment; Fertility; Humans; Life Expectancy; Longevity; Models, Theoretical; Parturition; Population Dynamics; Population Growth; Reproduction | ||||
| Abstract | The classic evolutionary theory of aging explains why mortality rises with age: as individuals grow older, less lifetime fertility remains, so continued survival contributes less to reproductive fitness. However, successful reproduction often involves intergenerational transfers as well as fertility. In the formal theory offered here, age-specific selective pressure on mortality depends on a weighted average of remaining fertility (the classic effect) and remaining intergenerational transfers to be made to others. For species at the optimal quantity-investment tradeoff for offspring, only the transfer effect shapes mortality, explaining postreproductive survival and why juvenile mortality declines with age. It also explains the evolution of lower fertility, longer life, and increased investments in offspring. | ||||
| Address | Department of Demography, University of California, 2232 Piedmont Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94720-2120, USA. rlee@demog.berkeley.edu | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0027-8424 | ISBN |
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| Notes | PMID:12878733 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5465 | ||
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