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| Author | Komar, N. | ||||
| Title | West Nile virus: epidemiology and ecology in North America | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | Advances in Virus Research | Abbreviated Journal | Adv Virus Res |
| Volume | 61 | Issue | Pages | 185-234 | |
| Keywords | Animals; Bird Diseases/virology; Birds/virology; Culex/virology; Disease Reservoirs; Ecosystem; Epidemiology, Molecular; Horse Diseases/virology; Horses/virology; Humans; Insect Vectors; North America/epidemiology; Risk Factors; West Nile Fever/*epidemiology/transmission/veterinary; West Nile virus/genetics | ||||
| Abstract | |||||
| Address | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Fort Collins, Colorado 80522, USA | ||||
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| Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0065-3527 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:14714433 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number  |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2638 | ||
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| Author | Passler, S.; Pfeffer, M. | ||||
| Title | Detection of antibodies to alphaviruses and discrimination between antibodies to eastern and western equine encephalitis viruses in rabbit sera using a recombinant antigen and virus-specific monoclonal antibodies | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | Journal of Veterinary Medicine. B, Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health | Abbreviated Journal | J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health |
| Volume | 50 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 265-269 |
| Keywords | Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal/*immunology; Antibodies, Viral/*analysis/blood; DNA Primers; Encephalitis Virus, Eastern Equine/genetics/*immunology; Encephalitis Virus, Western Equine/genetics/*immunology; Encephalomyelitis, Equine/*diagnosis/*virology; Epitopes; Fluorescent Antibody Technique/*veterinary; Horses; Rabbits; Recombination, Genetic; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary | ||||
| Abstract | Three arthropod-borne alphaviruses, western equine encephalitis viruses (WEEV), eastern equine encephalitis viruses (EEEV) and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses are the aetiological agents of a sometimes severe encephalomyelitis in equines and humans in the New World. With regard to the different ecology and epidemiology of these viruses, a method applied in serological screening should be able to distinguish between them as well as other related members of the genus Alphavirus in the American continent. However, this has been hampered in the past by (a) the close antigenic relationship between alphaviruses in traditional serological assays, especially in the routinely used haemagglutination-inhibition, and (b) the need of biosafety level 3 facilities to grow the viral antigens. An epitope blocking assay using an EEEV glycoprotein E1-expressing recombinant Sindbis virus and virus-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) binding to the E1 of EEEV (strain NJ/60) and the E1 of Sindbis virus was established using automated flow cytometry. The test was evaluated using sera of infected and vaccinated rabbits. A cut-off value of 30% inhibition for antigenic complex-specific seroconversion was found to be sufficient for the detection of the respective infection. By using three different mAbs in parallel, we were able to detect alphavirus genus-, EEEV- and WEEV-complex-specific serum antibodies. As this test is based on the inhibition of binding of virus-specific mAbs, sera of every origin other than mouse can be tested. Thus, this assay may prove useful in the serological screening of a variety of animal species during an outbreak investigation. | ||||
| Address | Institute for Medical Microbiology, Infectious and Epidemic Diseases, Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0931-1793 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:14628996 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2639 | ||
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| Author | Valero, N. | ||||
| Title | West Nile virus: a new challenge? | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | Investigacion Clinica | Abbreviated Journal | Invest Clin |
| Volume | 44 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 175-177 |
| Keywords | Animal Migration; Animals; Bird Diseases/virology; Birds; Caribbean Region; Central America; Culex/virology; Horse Diseases/virology; Horses; Humans; Insect Vectors/virology; North America/epidemiology; South America; West Nile Fever/*epidemiology/transmission/veterinary; West Nile virus/*physiology | ||||
| Abstract | West Nile Virus (WNV), a member of the family Flaviviridae, was first isolated in 1937. Since the original isolation of the WNV outbreaks have occurred with increase in frequency of cases in humans and horses, apparent increase in severe human disease and high avian death rates. In 1999, 2000 and 2002 outbreaks of the WNV encephalitis were reported in horses, birds and humans from New York and Canada. Ornithophilic mosquitoes are the principal vectors of the WNV and birds of several species chiefly migrants appear to be the major introductory or amplifying host. The pattern of outbreaks in the old and new world suggests that viremic migratory birds may also contribute to movement of the virus. If so, Central America, Caribbean Islands and countries of South America including Venezuela, are in potential risk for suffering a severe outbreak for WNV, since several species of birds have populations that pass trough New York and cross the western north Atlantic or Caribbean Sea. It is important the knowledge of the ecology of WNV as well of the efficacy of control efforts in order to minimize the public health impact in these countries, where all population is susceptible to this infection. | ||||
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| Language | Spanish | Summary Language | Original Title | Virus del Nilo Occidental: Un nuevo reto? | |
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0535-5133 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:14552056 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2640 | ||
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| Author | Barker, S.C. | ||||
| Title | The Australian paralysis tick may be the missing link in the transmission of Hendra virus from bats to horses to humans | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | Medical Hypotheses | Abbreviated Journal | Med Hypotheses |
| Volume | 60 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 481-483 |
| Keywords | Animals; Chiroptera; *Disease Transmission; Ecology; Hendra Virus/*pathogenicity; Horses; Humans; Models, Theoretical; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Ticks/*virology | ||||
| Abstract | Hendra virus is a new virus of the family Paramyxoviridae. This virus was first detected in Queensland, Australia, in 1994; although, it seems that the virus has infected fruit-eating bats (flying-foxes) for a very long time. At least 2 humans and 15 horses have been killed by this virus since it first emerged as a virus that may infect mammals other than flying-foxes. Hendra virus is thought to have moved from flying-foxes to horses, and then from horses to people. There is a reasonably strong hypothesis for horse-to-human transmission: transmission of virus via nasal discharge, saliva and/or urine. In contrast, there is no strong hypothesis for flying-fox-to-human transmission. I present evidence that the Australian paralysis tick, Ixodes holocyclus, which has apparently only recently become a parasite of flying-foxes, may transmit Hendra virus and perhaps related viruses from flying-foxes to horses and other mammals. | ||||
| Address | Department of Microbiology and Parisitology, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, ARC Special Research Center for Functional and Applied Genomics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. s.barker@imb.uq.edu.au | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0306-9877 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:12615503 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2641 | ||
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| Author | Branchi, I.; Bichler, Z.; Berger-Sweeney, J.; Ricceri, L. | ||||
| Title | Animal models of mental retardation: from gene to cognitive function | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews | Abbreviated Journal | Neurosci Biobehav Rev |
| Volume | 27 | Issue | 1-2 | Pages | 141-153 |
| Keywords | Animals; Animals, Genetically Modified/growth & development; Behavior/physiology; Behavior, Animal; Brain/*growth & development; Cognition/*physiology; *Disease Models, Animal; Environment; Genes; Genetic Diseases, Inborn/physiopathology; Humans; Mental Retardation/classification/*genetics/*physiopathology | ||||
| Abstract | About 2-3% of all children are affected by mental retardation, and genetic conditions rank among the leading causes of mental retardation. Alterations in the information encoded by genes that regulate critical steps of brain development can disrupt the normal course of development, and have profound consequences on mental processes. Genetically modified mouse models have helped to elucidate the contribution of specific gene alterations and gene-environment interactions to the phenotype of several forms of mental retardation. Mouse models of several neurodevelopmental pathologies, such as Down and Rett syndromes and X-linked forms of mental retardation, have been developed. Because behavior is the ultimate output of brain, behavioral phenotyping of these models provides functional information that may not be detectable using molecular, cellular or histological evaluations. In particular, the study of ontogeny of behavior is recommended in mouse models of disorders having a developmental onset. Identifying the role of specific genes in neuropathologies provides a framework in which to understand key stages of human brain development, and provides a target for potential therapeutic intervention. | ||||
| Address | Section of Behavioural Pathophysiology, Laboratorio di Fisiopatologia di Organo e di Sistema, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy. branchi@iss.it | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0149-7634 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:12732230 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2805 | ||
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| Author | Matsushima, T.; Izawa, E.-I.; Aoki, N.; Yanagihara, S. | ||||
| Title | The mind through chick eyes: memory, cognition and anticipation | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | Zoological Science | Abbreviated Journal | Zoolog Sci |
| Volume | 20 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 395-408 |
| Keywords | Animals; Birds/anatomy & histology/*physiology; Brain/anatomy & histology/cytology/physiology; Cognition/*physiology; Memory/*physiology; Perception/physiology | ||||
| Abstract | To understand the animal mind, we have to reconstruct how animals recognize the external world through their own eyes. For the reconstruction to be realistic, explanations must be made both in their proximate causes (brain mechanisms) as well as ultimate causes (evolutionary backgrounds). Here, we review recent advances in the behavioral, psychological, and system-neuroscience studies accomplished using the domestic chick as subjects. Diverse behavioral paradigms are compared (such as filial imprinting, sexual imprinting, one-trial passive avoidance learning, and reinforcement operant conditioning) in their behavioral characterizations (development, sensory and motor aspects of functions, fitness gains) and relevant brain mechanisms. We will stress that common brain regions are shared by these distinct paradigms, particularly those in the ventral telencephalic structures such as AIv (in the archistriatum) and LPO (in the medial striatum). Neuronal ensembles in these regions could code the chick's anticipation for forthcoming events, particularly the quality/quantity and the temporal proximity of rewards. Without the internal representation of the anticipated proximity in LPO, behavioral tolerance will be lost, and the chick makes impulsive choice for a less optimized option. Functional roles of these regions proved compatible with their anatomical counterparts in the mammalian brain, thus suggesting that the neural systems linking between the memorized past and the anticipated future have remained highly conservative through the evolution of the amniotic vertebrates during the last 300 million years. With the conservative nature in mind, research efforts should be oriented toward a unifying theory, which could explain behavioral deviations from optimized foraging, such as “naive curiosity,” “contra-freeloading,” “Concorde fallacy,” and “altruism.” | ||||
| Address | Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Japan. matusima@agr.nagoya-u.ac.jp | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0289-0003 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:12719641 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2858 | ||
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| Author | Singh,M.; Singh,M.; Sharma, A. K.; Krishna B. A. | ||||
| Title | Methodological considerations in measurement of dominance in primates | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | CURRENT SCIENCE | Abbreviated Journal | CURRENT SCIENCE |
| Volume | 84 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 709-713 |
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| Abstract | The strength of dominance hierarchy in a group of animals needs to be quantitatively measured since it influences many other aspects of social interactions. This article discusses three attempts made by previous researchers to measure the strength of hierarchy. We propose a method which attempts to rectify the lacunae in the previous attempts. Data are used from a group of Japanese macaques housed in a colony. A method to calculate strength of hierarchy has been illustrated and a procedure has been suggested to normalize the dominance scores in order to place the ranks of individuals on an interval scale. |
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| Publisher | Biopsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Mysore, Mysore 570 006, India | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2860 | ||
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| Author | McKinley, S.; Young, R.J. | ||||
| Title | The efficacy of the model-rival method when compared with operant conditioning for training domestic dogs to perform a retrieval-selection task | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 81 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 357-365 |
| Keywords | Dogs; Learning; Operant conditioning; Model-rival; Cognition | ||||
| Abstract | Traditionally, dogs have been trained by operant conditioning techniques; that is, dogs make a desired behavioural response and this response is reinforced by a reward such as food. This type of training is very effective in training dogs to perform basic obedience behaviours (e.g. `stay'). However, dogs are social animals and should be predisposed to learn from social stimuli. In the present study, we used a modified version of the model-rival technique that has been extensively used in experiments investigating the cognitive ability of parrots. In this technique, social stimuli are used to create in the animal an interest in the object without the use of food or other rewards. Therefore, the animal learns the name of the object (intrinsic reward) and not that the object's name means food. In this experiment we compared the learning ability of nine pet dogs to solve the same retrieval-selection task having been previously trained using operant conditioning or model-rival techniques. The retrieval-selection task was the dogs had to correctly select the commanded object to bring to the experimenter from a group of three similar objects. The results show no difference in the speeds with which the dogs solved the test--demonstrating the efficacy of the model-rival method. This is the first time that the effectiveness of the model-rival technique has been experimentally demonstrated with dogs. Furthermore, we believe that the methodology reported in this paper has applications in dog training and in experiments into dog cognition. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2900 | ||
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| Author | Bolhuis, J.J. | ||||
| Title | Bird brains and behaviour: perception, cognition and production | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | Animal Biology | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 53 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 71-72 |
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| Notes | formerly Netherlands Journal of Zoology | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3104 | ||
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| Author | Milgram, N.W. | ||||
| Title | Cognitive Experience and Its Effect on Age-Dependent Cognitive Decline in Beagle Dogs | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | Neurochemical Research | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 28 | Issue | 11 | Pages | 1677-1682 |
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| Abstract | Test-sophisticated beagle dogs show marked age sensitivity in a size discrimination learning task, with old and senior dogs performing significantly more poorly than young dogs. By contrast, age differences in learning were not seen in dogs naive with respect to neuropsychological test experience. These results indicate that old animals benefit less from prior cognitive experience than young animals, which is an example of an age-dependent loss in plasticity. This finding also suggests that behaviorally experienced animals are a more useful model of human cognitive aging than behaviorally naive animals. We also looked at the effect of a program of behavioral enrichment in aged dogs. One year of enrichment did not lead to significant differences, but after 2 years the behaviorally enriched group performed significantly better than the control group. The effect after 2 years indicates that a prolonged program of cognitive enrichment can serve as an effective intervention in aged dogs. These findings demonstrate that cognitive abilities in aged animals can be modified by providing behavioral experience, indicating that cognitive abilities remain moderately plastic, even in very old animals. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3151 | ||
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