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Equine and Animal Cognition Reference Database

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Author Morgan, K.; Funkquist, P.; Nyman, G. url  doi
openurl 
  Title The effect of coat clipping on thermoregulation during intense exercise in trotters Type Journal Article
  Year 2002 Publication Equine Veterinary Journal Abbreviated Journal Equine Veterinary Journal  
  Volume 34 Issue S34 Pages 564-567  
  Keywords horse; thermoregulation; heat loss; recovery; blood temperature; oxygen uptake  
  Abstract Summary The aim of this study was to study the physiological, especially thermoregulatory, responses during intense exercise in the clipped horse compared to the horse with winter coat. Six Standardbred trotters were studied before and after clipping. They performed an inclined incremental high intensity treadmill exercise test and were monitored during recovery. The clipped horse differed significantly (ANOVA) during exercise as compare to coated: less increase in central venous blood temperature, higher skin surface temperature, greater difference skin to ambient temperature and higher rate of nonevaporative heat loss. The clipped horse had significantly lower total cutaneous evaporative heat loss from walk to end of peak exercise and a shorter time for recovery for the respiratory rate using a paired t test. The clipped horse showed a tendency (P = 0.059) to decreased oxygen uptake during the stepwise increase in workload. We concluded that the clipped horse experienced less strain on the thermoregulatory system due to an enhanced heat loss. Some clipped horses in the study showed a more efficient power output; future studies with emphasis on respiration and oxygen demand are needed to explain this.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher American Medical Association (AMA) Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0425-1644 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2002.tb05484.x Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6614  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Gazzola, A.; Avanzinelli, E.; Mauri, L.; Scandura, M.; Apollonio, M. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Temporal changes of howling in south European wolf packs Type Journal Article
  Year 2002 Publication Ital J Zool Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 69 Issue Pages  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Gazzola2002 Serial 6495  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Murphy, M.A.; Waits, L.P.; Kendall, K.C.; Wasser, S.K.; Higbee, J.A.; Bogden, R. url  doi
openurl 
  Title An evaluation of long-term preservation methods for brown bear (Ursus arctos) faecal DNA samples Type Journal Article
  Year 2002 Publication Conservation Genetics Abbreviated Journal Conservat. Genet.  
  Volume 3 Issue 4 Pages 435-440  
  Keywords  
  Abstract Relatively few large-scale faecal DNA studieshave been initiated due to difficulties inamplifying low quality and quantity DNAtemplate. To improve brown bear faecal DNA PCRamplification success rates and to determinepost collection sample longevity, fivepreservation methods were evaluated: 90%ethanol, DETs buffer, silica-dried, oven-driedstored at room temperature, and oven-driedstored at -20 °C. Preservationeffectiveness was evaluated for 50 faecalsamples by PCR amplification of a mitochondrialDNA (mtDNA) locus (~146 bp) and a nuclear DNA(nDNA) locus (~200 bp) at time points of oneweek, one month, three months and six months. Preservation method and storage timesignificantly impacted mtDNA and nDNAamplification success rates. For mtDNA, allpreservation methods had >= 75% success atone week, but storage time had a significantimpact on the effectiveness of the silicapreservation method. Ethanol preserved sampleshad the highest success rates for both mtDNA(86.5%) and nDNA (84%). Nuclear DNAamplification success rates ranged from 26-88%, and storage time had a significant impacton all methods but ethanol. Preservationmethod and storage time should be importantconsiderations for researchers planningprojects utilizing faecal DNA. We recommendpreservation of faecal samples in 90% ethanolwhen feasible, although when collecting inremote field conditions or for both DNA andhormone assays a dry collection method may beadvantageous.  
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  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1572-9737 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Murphy2002 Serial 6574  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Walpole, M.J.; Leader-Williams, N. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Tourism and flagship species in conservation Type Journal Article
  Year 2002 Publication Biodivers Conserv Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 11 Issue Pages  
  Keywords  
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  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
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  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Walpole2002 Serial 6446  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Moons, C.; Heleski, C.R.; Leece, C.M.; Zanella, A.J. url  openurl
  Title Conflicting Results in the Association Between Plasma and Salivary Cortisol Levels in Foals Type Manuscript
  Year 2002 Publication Havemeier Workshop Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords  
  Abstract Introduction

Glucocorticoids are present in many biological fluids as a free fraction or bound to Corticoid

Binding Globulins (CBG) (Matteri et al, 2000). There are conflicting claims regarding the validity of

saliva as a biological fluid to measure cortisol in horses (Lebelt et al, 1996; McGreevy and Pell, 1998;

van der Kolk et al, 2001). Measuring changes in salivary cortisol levels in normal horses and horses

with Cushing`s disease van der Kolk and collaborators (2001) demonstrated the validity of saliva to

assess adrenal function. Puzzling results were reported by McGreevy and Pell (1998) who suggested

that plasma and salivary cortisol concentrations in horses showing oral stereotypies were correlated

but this association was non-existent in control animals. Investigating the responses of foals to

branding and foot-trimming Zanella et al (unpublished results) were unable to identify a relationship

between plasma and salivary cortisol levels in foals. In several species, levels of cortisol in plasma and

saliva are tightly correlated (Fenske, 1996). Cortisol found in blood consists of a fraction bound to

corticoid binding globulin (CBG) and a free, unbound fraction. Free cortisol represents the

biologically active fraction of this steroid hormone. Salivary cortisol reflects the unbound fraction

found in plasma or serum and it passes readily through the parotid membrane (Riad-Fahmy, 1983;

Horning Walker et al,1977). Unbound steroids transfer rapidly between plasma and saliva

(Walker,1989; Scott et al 1990). Saliva flow-rate does not appear to influence saliva cortisol levels in

different species (Hubert and de Jong-Meyer, 1989; Walker 1989, Scott et a, 1990). In horses, Lebelt

et al (1996) reported that salivary and plasma total cortisol in stallions were correlated. We

hypothesized that changes in salivary cortisol in foals would show a pattern that is correlated to that of

plasma free and plasma total cortisol concentrations in foals. In addition, we anticipated that the lack

of good sampling techniques provides an explanation for the failure in determining the association

between salivary and plasma cortisol in foals.		  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 470  
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Author Milo, R.; Shen-Orr, S.; Itzkovitz, S.; Kashtan, N.; Chklovskii, D.; Alon, U. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Network Motifs: Simple Building Blocks of Complex Networks Type Journal Article
  Year 2002 Publication Science Abbreviated Journal Science  
  Volume 298 Issue 5594 Pages 824-827  
  Keywords  
  Abstract Complex networks are studied across many fields of science. To uncover their structural design principles, we defined “network motifs,” patterns of interconnections occurring in complex networks at numbers that are significantly higher than those in randomized networks. We found such motifs in networks from biochemistry, neurobiology, ecology, and engineering. The motifs shared by ecological food webs were distinct from the motifs shared by the genetic networks of Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae or from those found in the World Wide Web. Similar motifs were found in networks that perform information processing, even though they describe elements as different as biomolecules within a cell and synaptic connections between neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans. Motifs may thus define universal classes of networks. This approach may uncover the basic building blocks of most networks.  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
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  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes 10.1126/science.298.5594.824 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5032  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Möstl, E.; Palme, R. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Hormones as indicators of stress Type Journal Article
  Year 2002 Publication Domestic Animal Endocrinology Abbreviated Journal Domest. Anim. Endocrinol.  
  Volume 23 Issue 1–2 Pages 67-74  
  Keywords  
  Abstract Animal welfare is of increasing importance and absence of chronic stress is one of its prerequisites. During stress, various endocrine responses are involved to improve the fitness of the individual. The front-line hormones to overcome stressful situations are the glucocorticoids and catecholamines. These hormones are determined as a parameter of adrenal activity and thus of disturbance. The concentration of glucocorticoids (or their metabolites) can be measured in various body fluids or excreta. Above all, fecal samples offer the advantage that they can be easily collected and this procedure is feedback free. Recently, enzyme immunoassays (EIA) have been developed and successfully tested, to enable the measurement of groups of cortisol metabolites in animal feces. The determination of these metabolites in fecal samples is a practical method to monitor glucocorticoid production.  
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  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0739-7240 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5930  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Dingemanse, N.J.; Both, C.; Drent, P.J.; van Oers, K.; van Noordwijk, A.J. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Repeatability and heritability of exploratory behaviour in great tits from the wild Type Journal Article
  Year 2002 Publication Animal Behaviour Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.  
  Volume 64 Issue 6 Pages 929-938  
  Keywords  
  Abstract We investigated whether individual great tits, Parus major, vary consistently in their exploratory behaviour in a novel environment and measured the repeatability and heritability of this trait. Wild birds were caught in their natural habitat, tested in the laboratory in an open field test on the following morning, then released at the capture site. We measured individual consistency of exploratory behaviour for recaptured individuals (repeatability) and estimated the heritability with parent-offspring regressions and sibling analyses. Measures of exploratory behaviour of individuals at repeated captures were consistent in both sexes and study areas (repeatabilities ranged from 0.27 to 0.48). Exploration scores did not differ between the sexes, and were unrelated to age, condition at fledging or condition during measurement. Heritability estimates were 0.22-0.41 (parent-offspring regressions) and 0.37-0.40 (sibling analyses). We conclude that (1) consistent individual variation in open field behaviour exists in individuals from the wild, and (2) this behavioural variation is heritable. This is one of the first studies showing heritable variation in a behavioural trait in animals from the wild, and poses the question of how this variation is maintained under natural conditions. Copyright 2002 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0003-3472 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5389  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Byrne, R.W. url  openurl
  Title Imitation of novel complex actions: What does the evidence from animals mean? Type Book Chapter
  Year 2002 Publication Advances in the Study of Behavior Abbreviated Journal Adv Stud Behav  
  Volume 31 Issue Pages 77-105  
  Keywords  
  Abstract Summary Underlying the various behaviors that are classified as imitation, there may be several distinct mechanisms, differing in adaptive function, cognitive basis, and computational power. Experiments reporting “true motor imitation” in animals do not as yet give evidence of production learning by imitation; instead, contextual imitation can explain their data, and this can be explained by a simple mechanism (response facilitation) which matches known neural findings. When imitation serves a function in social mimicry, which applies to a wide range of phenomena from neonatal imitation in humans and great apes to pair-bonding in some bird species, the fidelity of the behavioral match is crucial. Learning of novel behavior can potentially be achieved by matching the outcome of a model's action, and it is argued that vocal imitation by birds is a clear example of this method (which is sometimes called emulation). Alternatively, the behavior itself may be perceived in terms of actions that the observer can perform, and thus it may be copied. If the imitation is linear and stringlike (action level), following the surface form rather than the underlying plan, then its utility for learning new instrumental methods is limited. However, the underlying plan of hierarchically organized behavior is visible in output behavior, in subtle but detectable ways, and imitation could instead be based on this organization (program level), extracted automatically by string parsing. Currently, the most likely candidates for such capacities are all great apes. It is argued that this ability to perceive the underlying plan of action, in addition to allowing highly flexible imitation of novel instrumental methods, may have resulted in the competence to understand the intentions (theory of mind) of others.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Academic Press Place of Publication San Diego Editor Snowdon, C. T.; Roper, T. J.;Rosenblatt,J. S.  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 746  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Healy, S.D.; Jones, C.M. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Animal learning and memory: an integration of cognition and ecology Type Journal Article
  Year 2002 Publication Zoology Abbreviated Journal Zoology  
  Volume 105 Issue 4 Pages 321-327  
  Keywords cognitive ecology; spatial learning and memory; adaptive specialisation  
  Abstract Summary A wonderfully lucid framework for the ways to understand animal behaviour is that represented by the four [`]whys' proposed by Tinbergen (1963). For much of the past three decades, however, these four avenues have been pursued more or less in parallel. Functional questions, for example, have been addressed by behavioural ecologists, mechanistic questions by psychologists and ethologists, ontogenetic questions by developmental biologists and neuroscientists and phylogenetic questions by evolutionary biologists. More recently, the value of integration between these differing views has become apparent. In this brief review, we concentrate especially on current attempts to integrate mechanistic and functional approaches. Most of our understanding of learning and memory in animals comes from the psychological literature, which tends to use only rats or pigeons, and more occasionally primates, as subjects. The underlying psychological assumption is of general processes that are similar across species and contexts rather than a range of specific abilities. However, this does not seem to be entirely true as several learned behaviours have been described that are specific to particular species or contexts. The first conspicuous exception to the generalist assumption was the demonstration of long delay taste aversion learning in rats (Garcia et al., 1955), in which it was shown that a stimulus need not be temporally contiguous with a response for the animal to make an association between food and illness. Subsequently, a number of other examples, such as imprinting and song learning in birds (e.g., Bolhuis and Honey, 1998; Catchpole and Slater, 1995; Horn, 1998), have been thoroughly researched. Even in these cases, however, it has been typical for only a few species to be studied (domestic chicks provide the [`]model' imprinting species and canaries and zebra finches the song learning [`]models'). As a result, a great deal is understood about the neural underpinnings and development of the behaviour, but substantially less is understood about interspecific variation and whether variation in behaviour is correlated with variation in neural processing (see review by Tramontin and Brenowitz, 2000 but see ten Cate and Vos, 1999).  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0944-2006 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4741  
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