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Author |
Wilson, R. |
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Title |
Specific Welfare Problems Associated with Working Horses |
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2002 |
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The Welfare of Horses |
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203-218 |
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A brief review of the history and uses of workhorses is provided as well as numbers and distributions of working equines at the beginning of the twenty-first century. The problems of using the correct harness and correct alignment of horse and equipment through the harness are considered and care of the feet and especially the necessity of correct shoeing for both welfare and maximum work are discussed. The nutritional needs of working equines in terms of energy, protein, minerals and vitamins and the importance of good health and prevention and management of disease, are examined. Relationships between the animal and his owner or handler and some legal aspects of improving welfare are covered and it is concluded that education of these owners/handlers is essential for improving the welfare of working equids in developing countries. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4382 |
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Author |
Kirkpatrick, J.F.; Turner, A. |
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Title |
Reversibility of action and safety during pregnancy of immunization against porcine zona pellucida in wild mares (Equus caballus) |
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Journal Article |
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2002 |
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Reproduction (Cambridge, England) Supplement |
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Reprod Suppl |
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60 |
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197-202 |
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Animals; *Animals, Wild; Antigens/administration & dosage; Contraception, Immunologic/methods/*veterinary; Egg Proteins/administration & dosage; Female; Fertility; *Horses; Immunization, Secondary/veterinary; Membrane Glycoproteins/administration & dosage; Population Control; Pregnancy; *Receptors, Cell Surface; Safety; Swine; Time Factors; Vaccines, Contraceptive/*administration & dosage |
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Contraceptive management of publicly valued wildlife species requires safeguards to ensure that these populations are preserved in a healthy state. In addition, reversibility of contraceptive effects and safety in pregnant animals are major concerns. A population of wild horses has been immunized against porcine zona pellucida (PZP) over a 12 year period on Assateague Island National Seashore, MD (ASIS). Mares initially received one or two 65 microg inoculations and once a year 65 microg booster inoculations, all delivered by dart. All young mares aged > 2 years were treated with PZP for 3 consecutive years regardless of whether they have bred successfully and they were then removed from treatment until they had foaled. All mares vaccinated for 1 or 2 consecutive years became fertile again and 69% of mares treated for 3 consecutive years returned to fertility. All five mares treated for 4 or 5 consecutive years have also returned to fertility, but over longer periods of time. Mares treated for 7 consecutive years have not returned to fertility, but several, while still infertile, have started ovulating again. There was no difference in survival rates between foals born to treated and untreated mares, and PZP treatment of pregnant mares did not affect subsequent fertility of their female offspring. |
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Science and Conservation Center, ZooMontana, Billings 59106, USA. zoolab@wtp.net |
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1477-0415 |
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PMID:12220160 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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141 |
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Stachurska, A.; Pieta, M.; Nesteruk, E. |
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Title |
Which obstacles are most problematic for jumping horses? |
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Journal Article |
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2002 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
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Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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77 |
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3 |
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197-207 |
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Horses; Jumping events; Obstacles; Behaviour |
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The objective of this study was to examine the behaviour of horses jumping over variously designed obstacles, i.e. which obstacles are easy for them and jumped willingly or which cause difficulties. This was judged by scoring two main faults at jumping events: the number of knock-downs and run-outs with refusals. The data concerned 609 rounds made at regional competitions of various classes for 100-140 cm obstacle height. They included 5639 jumps at 343 obstacles, in total. Seventy-two horses participated in the competitions. The number of faults at a particular obstacle depended on the obstacle-type, height, colour and arrangement. Uprights and oxers were the most frequently knocked-down, while the walls were the most often run-out. When the height was increased, more obstacles were knocked-down but the number of run-outs did not change significantly. The obstacles of two contrasting colours were jumped without fault more often, whereas, those of one colour, light or dark, caused most of the faults. The least number of faults was committed at the second obstacle in a combination compared with the first, third and single ones. The third and fourth obstacles in the courses were faulty jumps most often. The results suggest that most of the factors examined, which differentiate the obstacle and course design, may influence the horse's behaviour. In consequence, the horses make more or fewer faults jumping over various obstacles. |
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0168-1591 |
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3971 |
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Author |
Edling, C.R. |
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Title |
Mathematics In Sociology |
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Journal Article |
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2002 |
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Annual Review of Sociology |
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28 |
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1 |
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197-220 |
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Since mathematical sociology was firmly established in the 1960s, it has grown tremendously. Today it has an impressive scope and deals with topical problems of social structure and social change. A distinctive feature of today's use of mathematics in sociology is the movement toward a synthesis between process, structure, and action. In combination with an increased attention to social mechanisms and the problems of causality and temporality, this synthesis can add to its relevance for sociology in general. The article presents recent advances and major sociological research streams in contemporary sociology that involve the application of mathematics, logic, and computer modeling. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Edling2002 |
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4292 |
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George, I.; Cousillas, H.; Richard, J.-P.; Hausberger, M. |
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Title |
Song perception in the European starling: hemispheric specialisation and individual variations |
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Journal Article |
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2002 |
Publication |
Comptes Rendus Biologies |
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Compt. Rend. Biol. |
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325 |
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3 |
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197-204 |
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lateralisation; perception; birdsong; starling; electrophysiology; individual variations; latéralisation; perception; chant; étourneaux; électrophysiologie; variations individuelles |
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Hemispheric specialisation for speech in humans has been well documented. The lateralisation for song production observed in songbirds is reminiscent of this hemispheric dominance. In order to investigate whether song perception is also lateralised, we made multiunit recordings of the neuronal activity in the field L of starlings during the presentation of species-specific and artificial non-specific sounds. We observed a systematic stronger activation in one hemisphere than in the other one during the playback of species-specific sounds, with inter-subject variability in the predominant hemisphere for song perception. Such an asymmetry was not observed for artificial non-specific sounds. Thus, our results suggest that, at least at the individual level, the two hemispheres of the starlings' brain perceive and process conspecific signals differently. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4636 |
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Author |
Nicol, C. J. |
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Title |
Equine learning: progress and suggestions for future research |
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Journal Article |
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2002 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
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Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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78 |
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2-4 |
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193-208 |
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Learning; Horse; Equine; Discrimination; Training |
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Horses are well able to form classical and instrumental associations and so the focus of much recent research has been on the stimulus control of instrumental learning. Horses appear to discriminate using spatial cues more easily than other stimulus features, as indicated both by the speed of initial task acquisition and by the extent to which acquired discriminations can be reversed. Phenomena associated with discrimination learning in laboratory animals, including generalisation and peak shift, have been demonstrated in horses. However, the ability of horses to classify stimuli into categories is more controversial. Although there is some evidence that horses may be able to form categories based on similarities in the physical appearance of different stimuli, there is currently no evidence that they are able to develop abstract concepts. Their performance on social learning tasks has also been poor. Few correlations are observed between the learning ability of individual horses on different tasks, suggesting that it may not be possible to classify individual horses as `good' or `poor' learners. Better learning performance by horses that are naturally calm is probably due to reduced interference in the learning process. Correct handling procedures can lower reactivity levels in horses, and may facilitate learning in some circumstances. Future research on equine learning needs to take into account the complex nature of equine social interaction. Studies on the effects of stress on learning, and on social and spatial cognition, are also particularly needed. |
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405 |
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Caldwell, C.A.; Whiten, A. |
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Title |
Evolutionary perspectives on imitation: is a comparative psychology of social learning possible? |
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2002 |
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Animal Cognition |
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Anim. Cogn. |
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5 |
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4 |
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193-208 |
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Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Evolution; Humans; *Imitative Behavior; Learning; Models, Animal |
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Studies of imitation in animals have become numerous in recent times, but do they contribute to a comparative psychology of social learning? We review this burgeoning field to identify the problems and prospects for such a goal. Difficulties of two main kinds are identified. First, researchers have tackled questions about social learning from at least three very different theoretical perspectives, the “phylogenetic”, “animal model”, and “adaptational”. We examine the conflicts between them and consider the scope for integration. A second difficulty arises in the methodological approaches used in the discipline. In relation to one of these – survey reviews of published studies – we tabulate and compare the contrasting conclusions of nine articles that together review 36 studies. The basis for authors' disagreements, including the matters of perceptual opacity, novelty, sequential structure, and goal representation, are examined. In relation to the other key method, comparative experimentation, we identify 12 studies that have explicitly compared species' imitative ability on similar tasks. We examine the principal problems of comparing like with like in these studies and consider solutions, the most powerful of which we propose to be the use of a systematic range of task designs, rather than any single “gold standard” task. |
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School of Psychology, Washington Singer Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK. C.A.Caldwell@exeter.ac.uk |
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1435-9448 |
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PMID:12461597 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2593 |
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Turner, A.; Kirkpatrick, J.F. |
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Effects of immunocontraception on population, longevity and body condition in wild mares (Equus caballus) |
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Journal Article |
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2002 |
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Reproduction (Cambridge, England) Supplement |
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Reprod Suppl |
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60 |
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187-195 |
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Animals; *Animals, Wild; Antigens/administration & dosage; Body Constitution; Contraception, Immunologic/methods/*veterinary; Egg Proteins/administration & dosage; Female; *Horses; Longevity; Membrane Glycoproteins/administration & dosage; Population Control; Population Dynamics; *Receptors, Cell Surface; Swine; Vaccines, Contraceptive/administration & dosage |
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Contraception is becoming a common approach for the management of captive and wild ungulates yet there are few data for contraceptive effects on entire populations. Management-level treatment of mares with porcine zona pellucida (PZP) vaccine resulted in zero population growth of the Assateague Island wild horse population within 1 year of initiation of treatment. Contraceptive efficacy was 90% for mares treated twice in the first year and annually thereafter. For mares given a single initial inoculation, contraceptive efficacy was 78%. The effort required to achieve zero population growth decreased, as 95, 83 and 84% of all adult mares were treated in each of the first 3 years, compared with 59 and 52% during the last 2 years. Mortality rates for mares and foals after the initiation of management-level treatments decreased below historic and pretreatment mortality rates of approximately 5%. Two new age classes have appeared among treated animals (21-25 years and > 25 years), indicating an increase in longevity among treated animals. Body condition scores for all horses, all adult mares and non-lactating mares increased significantly between summer 1989 and autumn 1999 but did not change significantly in lactating mares. These results provide reliable data for the construction of realistic models for contraceptive management of free-roaming or captive ungulate populations. |
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Assateague Island National Seashore, Berlin, MD 21811, USA |
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1477-0415 |
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PMID:12220158 |
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142 |
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Miklósi, Á. |
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Cecilia Heyes and Ludwig Huber (eds): The Evolution of Cognition |
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2002 |
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Animal Cognition |
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Anim. Cogn. |
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5 |
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3 |
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187-189 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3096 |
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Bugnyar, T.; Kotrschal, K. |
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Observational learning and the raiding of food caches in ravens, Corvus corax: is it `tactical' deception? |
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2002 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
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Anim. Behav. |
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64 |
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185-195 |
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Group-foraging ravens scatter-hoard when they are competing for food and, to some extent, also raid the caches made by others. We investigated the effects of observational spatial memory on individual caching and raiding tactics. With captive ravens, we found visual observation was essential for locating and raiding the caches of conspecifics. Both captive and free-ranging ravens, food cachers as well as potential cache raiders, responded to each other's presence. Cachers withdrew from conspecifics and most often placed their caches behind structures, obstructing the view of potential observers. Raiders watched inconspicuously and kept at a distance to cachers close to their cache sites. In response to the presence of potential raiders or because of their initial movements towards caches, the cachers frequently interrupted caching, changed cache sites, or recovered their food items. These results suggest that ravens, regardless of whether they act as cachers or raiders, are capable of withholding information about their intentions and, hence, manipulate the other bird's attention either to prevent or to achieve social-learning opportunities. Such interactions may qualify as `tactical' deception and may have created a considerable pressure selecting for social cognition in ravens. Copyright 2002 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. |
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