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| Author | Cavoto, K.K.; Cook, R.G. | ||||
| Title | Cognitive precedence for local information in hierarchical stimulus processing by pigeons | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2001 | Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes | Abbreviated Journal | J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
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27 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 3-16 |
| Keywords | Animals; Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; *Columbidae; Conditioning, Operant; Male | ||||
| Abstract | Four experiments investigated the processing of hierarchical stimuli by pigeons. Using a 4 alternative divided-attention task, 4 pigeons were food-reinforced for accurately identifying letters arranged as either hierarchical global- or local-relevant stimuli or as size-matched filled stimuli. Experiment 1 found that task acquisition was faster with local-relevant than global-relevant stimuli. This difference was not due to letter size. Experiment 2 demonstrated successful transfer to a novel irrelevant letter configuration. Experiments 3 and 4 tested pigeons' responses to conflict probe stimuli composed of equally discriminable relevant letters at each level. These tests revealed that all of the pigeons showed a cognitive precedence for local information early in processing, with the pigeons using different cues to initiate the processing of global information. This local advantage contrasts with previously reported results for humans and pigeons but is similar to that reported for nonhuman primates. Alternatives attempting to reconcile these contrasting comparative results are considered. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0097-7403 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:11199512 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2773 | ||
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| Author | Spengler M.I.; Rasia M. | ||||
| Title | Influence of Plasma Proteins on Erythrocyte Aggregation in Three Mammalian Species | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2001 | Publication | Veterinary Research Communications | Abbreviated Journal | Vet.Res.Comm |
| Volume |
25 | Issue | 7 | Pages | 591-599 |
| Keywords | albumin – bovine – equine – erythrocyte aggregation – dextran – haemorheology – human – plasma protein – polyvinylpyrrolidone | ||||
| Abstract | The aggregation capacity of human erythrocytes lies between that of the non-aggregating bovine erythrocytes and the remarkably aggregating equine ones. As the ability to aggregate is attributed to cell factors and the composition of the plasma proteins, the role that plasma proteins play in the aggregation process in these three species was studied. Washed erythrocytes were suspended in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; pH 7.4, 300 mOsm/L) plus polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in a suitable concentration to obtain an average intensity of aggregation (control media). The superimposed effect of replacing 80% of the medium by either autologous plasma, serum or albumin solution was studied. The plasma proteins appeared to enhance aggregation by human and equine erythrocytes, but impaired this process in bovine erythrocytes. Some evidence was obtained supporting the existence of serum factors capable of reducing aggregation of erythrocytes in cattle and it was concluded that the non-aggregating behaviour of bovine erythrocytes may be due to the cells interacting particularly with the macromolecules in the serum. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 2013 | ||
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| Author | Jansen, W.L.; van Alphen, M.; Berghout, M.; Everts, H.; Beynen, A.C. | ||||
| Title | An approach to assessment of the efficiency of dietary energy utilization by horses and ponies kept at riding schools | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2001 | Publication | The Veterinary quarterly | Abbreviated Journal | Vet Q |
| Volume |
23 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 195-198 |
| Keywords | *Animal Feed; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Body Weight; Dietary Fats; Dietary Fiber; *Energy Intake; *Energy Metabolism; Female; Horses/*physiology; Male | ||||
| Abstract | The ratio of calculated net energy intake (NEi) to calculate net energy requirement (NEr) might serve as an indicator of the efficiency of dietary energy utilization. The ratio was determined for 93 horses and ponies from 10 riding schools. For each animal with an assumed constant body weight, energy intake and energy requirements were assessed. On average, the estimated NEi was 14% greater than NEr. There was a significant, negative association between crude fibre intake and the NEi: NEr ratio. Earlier work indicated that extra fat intake may lead to over estimation of the calculated energy value of the ration due to changes in macronutrient digestibility. Dietary fat concentration was found to range from 32 to 52 g/kg dry matter (5 to 6 g/MJ net energy), but on the basis of digestibility trials this range in fat concentration is too small to significantly influence the NEi: NEr ratio. This study shows that assessment of the efficiency of dietary energy utilization under normal conditions, on the basis of the NEi: NEr ratio is fraught with uncertainty. | ||||
| Address | Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary, Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0165-2176 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:11765239 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 1807 | |||
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| Author | Reader, S.; Laland, K. | ||||
| Title | Primate Innovation: Sex, Age and Social Rank Differences | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2001 | Publication | International Journal of Primatology | Abbreviated Journal | Int. J. Primatol. |
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22 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 787-805 |
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| Abstract | Analysis of an exhaustive survey of primate behavior collated from the published literature revealed significant variation in rates of innovation among individuals of different sex, age and social rank. We searched approximately 1,000 articles in four primatology journals, together with other relevant databases, for examples of innovation. The reported incidence of innovation is higher in males and adults, and lower in females and nonadults, than would be expected by chance given the estimated relative proportions of these groups. Amongst chimpanzees, the only species for which there are sufficient data to consider alone, there is a similar sex difference in the propensity to innovate, but no effect of age. Chimpanzees of low social rank are reported as innovators more frequently than high-ranking chimpanzees are. Male chimpanzees innovate more often than females in sexual, courtship, mating and display contexts; that is, in contexts likely to increase access to mates. The largest number of recorded observations are in the foraging context, wherein contrary to expectations, there is no evidence for female chimpanzees exhibiting more innovation than males. The study is the first extensive investigation of behavioral innovation in primates and provides evidence that much individual variation in the propensity to innovate can be explained in terms of sex, age, and social rank. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 2152 | |||
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| Author | Schaefer, M.L.; Young, D.A.; Restrepo, D. | ||||
| Title | Olfactory Fingerprints for Major Histocompatibility Complex-Determined Body Odors | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2001 | Publication | J. Neurosci. | Abbreviated Journal | |
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21 | Issue | 7 | Pages | 2481-2487 |
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| Abstract | Recognition of individual body odors is analogous to human face recognition in that it provides information about identity. Individual body odors determined by differences at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC or H-2) have been shown to influence mate choice, pregnancy block, and maternal behavior in mice. Unfortunately, the mechanism and extent of the main olfactory bulb (MOB) and accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) involvement in the discrimination of animals according to H-2-type has remained ambiguous. Here we study the neuronal activation patterns evoked in the MOB in different individuals on exposure to these complex, biologically meaningful sensory stimuli. We demonstrate that body odors from H-2 disparate mice evoke overlapping but distinct maps of neuronal activation in the MOB. The spatial patterns of odor-evoked activity are sufficient to be used like fingerprints to predict H-2 identity using a novel computer algorithm. These results provide functional evidence for discrimination of H-2-determined body odors in the MOB, but do not preclude a role for the AOB. These data further our understanding of the neural strategies used to decode socially relevant odors. N1 - | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4419 | ||
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| Author | Gibbs, P.G.; Cohen, N.D. | ||||
| Title | Early management of race-bred weanlings and yearlings on farms | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2001 | Publication | Journal of Equine Veterinary Science | Abbreviated Journal | J. Equine Vet. Sci. |
| Volume |
21 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 279-283 |
| Keywords | Equine, management, growth, nutrition, marketing | ||||
| Abstract | A total of 58 Thoroughbred and Quarter Horse farms that managed 1,987 weanlings and yearlings responded to a survey designed to better characterize early management of racing prospects. Average age at weaning was 5.5 months and over half of all farms kept almost three-fourths of all weanlings to be placed in pre-race training. Variation in feeding practices was evident and while well over half of all farms provided balanced nutrient supply to young horses, 20% to 40% likely fed unbalanced diets. An obvious preference existed for semi-confinement in young horses with plenty of free exercise. The majority of farms reported that young prospects were fed and managed for a moderate rate of growth. Forced exercise occurred to a much larger extent with yearlings than weanlings and 40% of farms described the footing as soft, but not deep. Response to the prevalence of developmental orthopedic diseases appeared somewhat guarded, and average injury rate was low on farms that attributed much of injury to horses playing too hard. Technological advancements such as photoperiod manipulation in broodmares were widely used, while valuable tools such as body condition scoring were utilized to a lesser extent. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5758 | ||
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| Author | Miller, R.M. | ||||
| Title | Behavior and misbehavior of the horse | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2001 | Publication | The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice | Abbreviated Journal | Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract |
| Volume |
17 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 379-87, ix |
| Keywords | Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Curriculum; Education, Veterinary; Horses/*physiology/*psychology; United States | ||||
| Abstract | For decades after the discipline of psychiatry had been established as an accepted specialty, many medical schools continued to fail to train their students in the fundamentals of this discipline. Medical students all have at least cursory exposure to psychiatric principles and basic psychology. Unfortunately, the veterinary profession has lagged behind human medicine in this regard. Until recently, veterinary students received no training in animal behavior, and there were no available residencies within our schools for developing board-certified behavioral specialists. | ||||
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| ISSN | 0749-0739 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:15658182 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 1894 | |||
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| Author | Giulotto, E. | ||||
| Title | Will horse genetics create better champions? | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2001 | Publication | Trends Genet. | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume |
17 | Issue | Pages | 166 | |
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| Notes | Cited By (since 1996): 1; Export Date: 24 October 2008 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Admin @ knut @ | Serial | 4589 | ||
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| Author | Creel, S. | ||||
| Title | Social dominance and stress hormones | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2001 | Publication | Trends in Ecology & Evolution | Abbreviated Journal | Trends. Ecol. Evol |
| Volume |
16 | Issue | 9 | Pages | 491-497 |
| Keywords | Dominance; rank; stress; glucocorticoids; cooperative breeding; sociality; behavioural endocrinology; mammals | ||||
| Abstract | In most cooperatively breeding birds and mammals, reproductive rates are lower for social subordinates than for dominants, and it is common for reproduction in subordinates to be completely suppressed. Early research conducted in captivity showed that losing fights can increase glucocorticoid (GC) secretion, a general response to stress. Because GCs can suppress reproduction, it has been widely argued that chronic stress might underlie reproductive suppression of social subordinates in cooperative breeders. Contradicting this hypothesis, recent studies of cooperative breeders in the wild show that dominant individuals have elevated GCs more often than do subordinates. The findings that elevated GCs can be a consequence of subordination or a cost of dominance complicate the conventional view of social stress, with broad ramifications for the evolution of dominance and reproductive suppression. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4072 | ||
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| Author | Dugatkin, L.A. | ||||
| Title | Bystander effects and the structure of dominance hierarchies | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2001 | Publication | Behavioral Ecology | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Ecol. |
| Volume |
12 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 348-352 |
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| Abstract | Prior modeling work has found that pure winner and loser effects (i.e., changing the estimation of your own fighting ability as a function of direct prior experience) can have important consequences for hierarchy formation. Here these models are extended to incorporate “bystander effects.” When bystander effects are in operation, observers (i.e., bystanders) of aggressive interactions change their assessment of the protagonists' fighting abilities (depending on who wins and who loses). Computer simulations demonstrate that when bystander winner effects alone are at play, groups have a clear omega (bottom-ranking individual), while the relative position of other group members remains difficult to determine. When only bystander loser effects are in operation, wins and losses are randomly distributed throughout a group (i.e., no discernible hierarchy). When pure and bystander winner effects are jointly in place, a linear hierarchy, in which all positions (i.e., {alpha} to {delta} when N = 4) are clearly defined, emerges. Joint pure and bystander loser effects produce the same result. In principle one could test the predictions from the models developed here in a straightforward comparative study. Hopefully, the results of this model will spur on such studies in the future. | ||||
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| Notes | 10.1093/beheco/12.3.348 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 441 | ||
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