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| Author | Feh, C. | ||||
| Title | Alliances between stallions are more than just multimale groups: reply to Linklater & Cameron (2000) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2001 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
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61 | Issue | Pages | F27-F30 | |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 513 | ||
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| Author | Hare, B.; Call, J.; Tomasello, M. | ||||
| Title | Do chimpanzees know what conspecifics know? | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2001 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
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61 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 139-151 |
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| Abstract | We conducted three experiments on social problem solving by chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes. In each experiment a subordinate and a dominant individual competed for food, which was placed in various ways on the subordinate's side of two opaque barriers. In some conditions dominants had not seen the food hidden, or food they had seen hidden was moved elsewhere when they were not watching (whereas in control conditions they saw the food being hidden or moved). At the same time, subordinates always saw the entire baiting procedure and could monitor the visual access of their dominant competitor as well. If subordinates were sensitive to what dominants did or did not see during baiting, they should have preferentially approached and retrieved the food that dominants had not seen hidden or moved. This is what they did in experiment 1 when dominants were either uninformed or misinformed about the food's location. In experiment 2 subordinates recognized, and adjusted their behaviour accordingly, when the dominant individual who witnessed the hiding was replaced with another dominant individual who had not witnessed it, thus demonstrating their ability to keep track of precisely who has witnessed what. In experiment 3 subordinates did not choose consistently between two pieces of hidden food, one of which dominants had seen hidden and one of which they had not seen hidden. However, their failure in this experiment was likely to be due to the changed nature of the competition under these circumstances and not to a failure of social-cognitive skills. These findings suggest that at least in some situations (i.e. competition with conspecifics) chimpanzees know what conspecifics have and have not seen (do and do not know), and that they use this information to devise effective social-cognitive strategies. Copyright 2001 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology and Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0003-3472 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:11170704 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 588 | ||
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| Author | Tomasello, M.; Hare, B.; Fogleman, T. | ||||
| Title | The ontogeny of gaze following in chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, and rhesus macaques, Macaca mulatta | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2001 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
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61 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 335-343 |
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| Abstract | Primates follow the gaze direction of conspecifics to outside objects. We followed the ontogeny of this social-cognitive skill for two species: rhesus macaques and chimpanzees. In the first two experiments, using both a cross-sectional and a longitudinal design, we exposed individuals of different ages to a human looking in a specified direction. Rhesus infants first began reliably to follow the direction of this gaze at the end of the early infancy period, at about 5.5 months of age. Chimpanzees did not reliably follow human gaze until 3-4 years; this corresponds to the latter part of the late infancy period for this species. In the third experiment we exposed individuals of the same two species to a human repeatedly looking to the same location (with no special object at that location) to see if subjects would learn to ignore the looks. Only adults of the two species diminished their gaze-following behaviour over trials. This suggests that in the period between infancy and adulthood individuals of both species come to integrate their gaze-following skills with their more general social-cognitive knowledge about other animate beings and their behaviour, and so become able to deploy their gaze-following skills in a more flexible manner. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 596 | ||
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| Author | Albers, P.C.H.; de Vries, H. | ||||
| Title | Elo-rating as a tool in the sequential estimation of dominance strengths | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2001 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
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61 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 489-495 |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 858 | ||
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| Author | Galef BG, J.; Giraldeau, L.A. | ||||
| Title | Social influences on foraging in vertebrates: causal mechanisms and adaptive functions | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2001 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
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61 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 3-15 |
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| Abstract | We summarize 20 years of empirical and theoretical research on causes and functions of social influences on foraging by animals. We consider separately studies of social influence on when, where, what and how to eat. Implicit in discussion of the majority of studies is our assumption that social influences on foraging reflect a biasing of individual learning processes by social stimuli rather than action of independent social-learning mechanisms. Our review of theoretical approaches suggests that the majority of formally derived hypotheses concerning functions of social influence on foraging have not yet been tested adequately and many models are in need of further refinement. We also consider the importance to the future of the field of integrating 'top-down' and 'bottom-up' approaches to the study of social learning. Copyright 2001 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, McMaster University | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0003-3472 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:11170692 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 2135 | |||
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| Author | Richards, S.A.; de Roos, A.M. | ||||
| Title | When is habitat assessment an advantage when foraging? | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2001 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
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61 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 1101-1112 |
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| Abstract | Foragers can often show a broad range of strategies when searching for resources. The simplest foraging strategy is to search randomly within a habitat; however, foragers can often assess habitat quality over various spatial scales and use this information to keep themselves in, or direct themselves to, regions of high resource abundance or low predation risk. We investigated models that describe a population of consumers competing for a renewable resource that is distributed among discrete patches. Our aim was to identify what foraging strategy or strategies are expected to persist within a population, where strategies differ in the degree of habitat assessment (i.e. none, local, or global). We were interested in how the optimal strategies are dependent on the cost of assessment and habitat structure (i.e. the variation in renewal rates and predation risks among patches). The models showed that the simple random foraging strategy (i.e. make no habitat assessments) often persisted even when the cost of habitat assessment was low. Persistence could occur when habitat assessment and population dynamics generated an ideal free distribution because it could be exploited by the random foragers. Habitat assessment was more advantageous when consumers could not achieve ideal free distributions, which was more likely as patches became less productive. When productivity was low we sometimes observed the situation where different foraging strategies generated resource heterogeneities that promoted their coexistence, and this could occur even when all patches were intrinsically identical. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 2153 | |||
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| Author | Stahl, J.; Tolsma, P.H.; Loonen, M.J.J.E.; Drent, R.H. | ||||
| Title | Subordinates explore but dominants profit: resource competition in high Arctic barnacle goose flocks | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2001 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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61 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 257-264 |
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| Abstract | Social dominance plays an important role in assessing and obtaining access to patchy or scarce food sources in group-foraging herbivores. We investigated the foraging strategies of individuals with respect to their social position in the group in a flock of nonbreeding, moulting barnacle geese, Branta leucopsis, on high Arctic Spitsbergen. We first determined the dominance rank of individually marked birds. The dominance of an individual was best described by its age and its sex-specific body mass. Mating status explained the large variation in dominance among younger birds, as unpaired yearlings ranked lowest. In an artificially created, competitive situation, subordinate individuals occupied explorative front positions in the flock and were the first to find sites with experimentally enriched vegetation. Nevertheless, they were displaced quickly from these favourable sites by more dominant geese which were able to monopolize them. The enhanced sites were subsequently visited preferentially by individuals that succeeded in feeding there when the exclosures were first opened. Data on walking speed of foraging individuals and nearest-neighbour distances in the group suggest that subordinates try to compensate for a lower energy intake by exploring and by lengthening the foraging bout. Observations of our focal birds during the following breeding season revealed that females that returned to the study area were significantly more dominant in the previous year than those not seen in the area again. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2186 | ||
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| Author | Kasuya, E. | ||||
| Title | Mann-Whitney U test when variances are unequal | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2001 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
61 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 1247-1249 |
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| ISSN | 0003-3472 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5048 | ||
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| Author | Tomasello, M.; Call, J | ||||
| Title | Books Received | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2001 | Publication | Animal Behaviour | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume |
61 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 269-270 |
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| Abstract | The Alex Studies: Cognitive and Communicative Abilities of Grey Parrots. By I. M. PEPPERBERG. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press (1999). |
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| ISSN | 0003-3472 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5446 | ||
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| Author | Abeyesinghe, S.M.; Nicol, C.J.; Wathes. C.M.; Randall, J.M. | ||||
| Title | Development of a raceway method to assess aversion of domestic fowl to concurrent stressors | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2001 | Publication | Behavioural Processes | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Process. |
| Volume |
56 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 175-194 |
| Keywords | previous termConcurrent stressors; Aversion; Domestic fowlnext term; Transport; Vibration; Hyperthermia | ||||
| Abstract | The requirement for assessing the effects of stressor combinations in improving the welfare of animals has not been widely recognised. Knowledge of the effects of concurrent stressors is needed to improve environments such as transport, where animals are presented with many simultaneous challenges. However, no method for measuring the effects of different stressors with a common unit is currently available. A locomotor passive avoidance method was developed as a common currency measure of the aversion of domestic fowl to concurrent stressors, using vibrational and thermal stressors as an exemplar. Juvenile fowl, fasted overnight, were trained to run a raceway into a goal-box for small food rewards (FR1). When running consistently, the reinforcement schedule was superimposed with a FR5 treatment schedule (60 min confinement in the goal-box with either a control of no other stressors [N] or concurrent vibration and thermal stressors [VT]). Subsequent latency to return to the goal-box was recorded as a measure of aversion. The factors affecting bird response were addressed in a series of experiments to optimise the method and clarify interpretation of results. Pre-feeding (20% ration 2 h prior to testing) did not affect response, but increasing the number of treatment presentations facilitated learning and increased method sensitivity. Treatment responses were consistent across experiments; overall VT was avoided (P<0.001), but N was not. However, there was large individual variation in response to VT. A final experiment indicated that, given a visual discriminatory cue, birds were capable of learning the required association between entering the goal-box and receiving the treatment, suggesting that the delay responses were due to aversion rather than the immediate impact of treatment on ability to respond. Further work is required to test the singular stressors, but the method retains common currency potential for assessing aversion to multiple stressors. | ||||
| Address | Bio-Engineering Division, Silsoe Research Institute, Wrest Park, Silsoe, MK45 4HS, Bedford, UK | ||||
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| ISSN | 0376-6357 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:11738510 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 85 | ||
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