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| Author | Bolhuis, J.J.; Macphail, E.M. | ||||
| Title | A critique of the neuroecology of learning and memory | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2001 | Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences | Abbreviated Journal | Trends. Cognit. Sci. |
| Volume | 5 | Issue | 10 | Pages | 426-433 |
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| Abstract | Recent years have seen the emergence of neuroecology, the study of the neural mechanisms of behaviour guided by functional and evolutionary principles. This research has been of enormous value for our understanding of the evolution of brain- and species-specific behaviour. However, we question the validity of the neuroecological approach when applied to the analysis of learning and memory, given its arbitrary assumption that different [`]problems' engage different memory mechanisms. Differences in memory-based performance in [`]natural' tasks do not prove differences in memory capacity; similarly, differences in the use of memory in the natural environment do not provide a sound basis for expecting differences in anatomical structures that subserve learning and memory. This critique is illustrated with examples taken from the study of the neurobiology of food storing and song learning in birds. | ||||
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| ISSN | 1364-6613 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4742 | ||
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| Author | Macphail, E.M.; Boldhuis, J.J | ||||
| Title | The evolution of intelligence: adaptive specializations versusgeneral process | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2001 | Publication | Biological Reviews | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 76 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 341-364 |
| Keywords | biological constraints, corvids, ecology, food-storing birds, hippocampal size, parids, spatial learning, spatial memory, spatial module. | ||||
| Abstract | Darwin argued that between-species differences in intelligence were differences of degree, not of kind. The contemporary ecological approach to animal cognition argues that animals have evolved species-specific and problem-specific processes to solve problems associated with their particular ecological niches: thus different species use different processes, and within a species, different processes are used to tackle problems involving different inputs. This approach contrasts both with Darwin's view and with the general process view, according to which the same central processes of learning and memory are used across an extensive range of problems involving very different inputs. We review evidence relevant to the claim that the learning and memory performance of non-human animals varies according to the nature of the stimuli involved. We first discuss the resource distribution hypothesis, olfactory learning-set formation, and the 'biological constraints' literature, but find no convincing support from these topics for the ecological account of cognition. We then discuss the claim that the performance of birds in spatial tasks of learning and memory is superior in species that depend heavily upon stored food compared to species that either show less dependence upon stored food or do not store food. If it could be shown that storing species enjoy a superiority specifically in spatial (and not non-spatial) tasks, this would argue that spatial tasks are indeed solved using different processes from those used in non-spatial tasks. Our review of this literature does not find a consistent superiority of storing over non-storing birds in spatial tasks, and, in particular, no evidence of enhanced superiority of storing species when the task demands are increased, by, for example, increasing the number of items to be recalled or the duration of the retention period. We discuss also the observation that the hippocampus of storing birds is larger than that of non-storing birds, and find evidence contrary to the view that hippocampal enlargement is associated with enhanced spatial memory; we are, however, unable to suggest a convincing alternative explanation for hippocampal enlargement. The failure to find solid support for the ecological view supports the view that there are no qualitative differences in cognition between animal species in the processes of learning and memory. We also argue that our review supports our contention that speculation about the phylogenetic development and function of behavioural processes does not provide a solid basis for gaining insight into the nature of those processes. We end by confessing to a belief in one major qualitative difference in cognition in animals: we believe that humans alone are capable of acquiring language, and that it is this capacity that divides our intelligence so sharply from non-human intelligence. | ||||
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Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4797 | ||
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| Author | Itakura, S.; Agnetta, B.; Hare, B.; Tomasello, M. | ||||
| Title | Chimpanzee Use of Human and Conspecific Social Cues to Locate Hidden Food | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2001 | Publication | Developmental Science | Abbreviated Journal | Dev Sci |
| Volume | 2 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 448 - 456 |
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| Abstract | Two studies are reported in which chimpanzees attempted to use social cues to locate hidden food in one of two possible hiding places. In the first study four chimpanzees were exposed to a local enhancement cue (the informant approached and looked to the location where food was hidden and then remained beside it) and a gaze/point cue (the informant gazed and manually pointed towards the location where the food was hidden). Each cue was given by both a human informant and a chimpanzee informant. In the second study 12 chimpanzees were exposed to a gaze direction cue in combination with a vocal cue (the human informant gazed to the hiding location and produced one of two different vocalizations – a 'food-bark' or a human word-form). The results were – (i) all subjects were quite skillful with the local enhancement cue, no matter who produced it; (ii) few subjects were skillful with the gaze/point cue, no matter who produced it (most of these being individuals who had been raised in infancy by humans); and (iii) most subjects were skillful when the human gazed and vocalized at the hiding place, with little difference between the two types of vocal cue. Findings are discussed in terms of chimpanzees' apparent need for additional cues, over and above gaze direction cues, to indicate the presence of food. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology and Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University, USA DOI – 10.1111/1467-7687.00089 | ||||
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| Publisher | Place of Publication | Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1999 | Editor | ||
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Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4973 | ||
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| Author | Billat, L.V. | ||||
| Title | Interval Training for Performance: A Scientific and Empirical Practice: Special Recommendations for Middle- and Long-Distance Running. Part I: Aerobic Interval Training | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2001 | Publication | Sports Medicine | Abbreviated Journal | Sports Med |
| Volume | 31 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 13-31 |
| Keywords | Aerobic exercise; Exercise performance; Training | ||||
| Abstract | This article traces the history of scientific and empirical interval training. Scientific research has shed some light on the choice of intensity, work duration and rest periods in so-called 'interval training'. Interval training involves repeated short to long bouts of rather high intensity exercise (equal or superior to maximal lactate steady-state velocity) interspersed with recovery periods (light exercise or rest). Interval training was first described by Reindell and Roskamm and was popularised in the 1950s by the Olympic champion, Emil Zatopek. Since then middle- and long- distance runners have used this technique to train at velocities close to their own specific competition velocity. In fact, trainers have used specific velocities from 800 to 5000m to calibrate interval training without taking into account physiological markers. However, outside of the competition season it seems better to refer to the velocities associated with particular physiological responses in the range from maximal lactate steady state to the absolute maximal velocity. The range of velocities used in a race must be taken into consideration, since even world records are not run at a constant pace. Copyright 2001 Adis International | ||||
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| ISSN | 0112-1642 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ 00007256-200131010-00002 | Serial | 5002 | ||
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| Author | Kasuya, E. | ||||
| Title | Mann-Whitney U test when variances are unequal | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2001 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
| Volume | 61 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 1247-1249 |
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| ISSN | 0003-3472 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5048 | ||
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| Author | Harris, L.J.; Almerigi, J.B.; Carbary, T.J.; Fogel, T.G. | ||||
| Title | Left-side infant holding: A test of the hemispheric arousal -attentional hypothesis | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2001 | Publication | Brain and Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 46 | Issue | 1-2 | Pages | 159-165 |
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| Abstract | When asked to hold a young infant in their arms, most adults hold on the left side (Harris, 1997). In a prior study, we found the same bias when we asked adults merely to imagine holding an infant in their arms (Harris, Almerigi, & Kirsch, 1999). It has been hypothesized that the left-side bias is the product of right-hemisphere arousal accompanying certain aspects of the act, causing attention to be driven to the contralateral, or left, side of personal space. Left-side holding, whether actual or imagined, thus would be consistent with the direction to which the holder's attention has been endogenously directed. We tested this hypothesis by giving 250 college students the “imagine-holding” task and then, as an independent measure of lateralized hemispheric arousal, a 34-item Chimeric Faces Test (CFT). On the “imagine” test, a significant majority reported a left-side hold, and, on the CFT, left-side holders had a significantly stronger left-hemispace bias than right-side holders, although both left- and right- side holders had left-hemispace CFT biases. The results thus support the attentional-arousal hypothesis but indicate that other factors are contributing as well. | ||||
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| ISSN | 0278-2626 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5344 | ||
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| Author | Tomasello, M.; Call, J | ||||
| Title | Books Received | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2001 | Publication | Animal Behaviour | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 61 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 269-270 |
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| Abstract | The Alex Studies: Cognitive and Communicative Abilities of Grey Parrots. By I. M. PEPPERBERG. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press (1999). |
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| ISSN | 0003-3472 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5446 | ||
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| Author | Watt, L. M.; McDonnell, S. M. | ||||
| Title | Demonstration of Concept Formation in the Horse. | Type | Report | ||
| Year | 2001 | Publication | Equine Behavior Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, August 2001 Interim Report. | Abbreviated Journal | |
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| Publisher | University of Pennsylvania | Place of Publication | Philadephia | Editor | |
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Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5449 | ||
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| Author | Gröschl, M.; Wagner, R.; Rauh, M.; Dörr, H.G. | ||||
| Title | Stability of salivary steroids: the influences of storage, food and dental care | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2001 | Publication | Steroids | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 66 | Issue | 10 | Pages | 737-741 |
| Keywords | Cortisol; 17OH-Progesterone; Progesterone; Saliva; Stability | ||||
| Abstract | We studied influences of dental care, food and storage on the reproducibility of salivary steroid levels. Cortisol (F), 17OH-progesterone (17OHP) and Progesterone (P) were measured using adapted commercial radioimmunoassays. Saliva samples of healthy adults (n = 15; m:8; f:7) were collected directly before and after dental care, and directly before and after breakfast with various foodstuffs. A second experiment investigated stability of steroids under different storage conditions. Four series of identical saliva portions (I: Native saliva; II: Centrifuged saliva; III: Saliva with trifluor acetate (TFA); IV: Saliva with 0.5% NaN3) were stored at room temperature and at 4°C for up to three weeks. To demonstrate influences of repeated thawing and re-freezing of saliva on steroid values, saliva samples (n = 15) were divided into identical portions. These portions were frozen and re-thawed up to 5 times before measurement. Neither dental care nor intake of bread or milk effected the reproducibility of F, 170HP, and P. Steroid levels decreased significantly in the course of three weeks under different storage conditions (P < 0.001). This decrease was clinically relevant from the second week onward, with exception of NaN3 treated samples. After repeated freezing and re-thawing 17OHP and P decreased slightly (about 5%). Only F decreased significantly after the third thawing (P < 0.001). The results show the usefulness of standardized handling of saliva samples for improving reproducibility and reliability of salivary steroid measurements. | ||||
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| ISSN | 0039-128x | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5561 | ||
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| Author | Ferenc S. | ||||
| Title | Computer-ssisted analysis of the developing brain motor system and coordinated locomotion in the foal | Type | Manuscript | ||
| Year | 2001 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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| Corporate Author | Thesis | Ph.D. thesis | |||
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Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5673 | ||
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