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	Author	Tanaka, M.
	Title	Discrimination and categorization of photographs of natural objects by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	4	Issue	3	Pages	201-211
	Keywords
	Abstract	Two experiments assessed the ability of four adult female chimpanzees to categorize natural objects. Chimpanzees were initially trained to match different color photographs of familiar objects from four possible categories. In training, all the comparison stimuli were from the same category in one condition, and from different categories in another condition. For all subjects, training performance was consistently better for the “different category” than for the “same category” trials. Probe trials were shown after training. In probe trials, the sample and positive comparison stimuli were different items from the same category, and the foils were selected from among the three other test categories. Individual performance was above chance in probe trials, suggesting that categorization by chimpanzees may transcend perceptual resemblance. These results were later replicated with novel stimulus items from the same four categories (experiment 2). Altogether, this research demonstrates that chimpanzees grouped perceptually different exemplars within the same category, and further suggests that these animals formed conceptual representations of the categories.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3128
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	Author	Takeshita, H.
	Title	Development of combinatory manipulation in chimpanzee infants (Pan troglodytes)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	4	Issue	3	Pages	335-345
	Keywords
	Abstract	I made systematic observations of three infant chimpanzees aged 2–4 years, who participated in a series of diagnostic tests of combinatory manipulation. The tasks were stacking blocks, seriating nesting cups, and inserting an object into the corresponding hole in a plate or a box. These tasks were originally devised for developmental diagnosis of human infants. The chimpanzee infants displayed combinatory manipulation comparable to that of 1-year-old human infants. Common motor characteristics were observed across the tasks, namely “repetition” of actions, “adjustment” of actions, “reversal” of actions, and “shifts” of attention. Humans and chimpanzees share these actions when manipulating multiple objects to complete a task. Repetition, adjustment, and reversal of actions and shifts of attention underlie higher levels of cognition common to both species.
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	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3174
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	Author	Stokes, E.; Byrne, R.
	Title	Cognitive capacities for behavioural flexibility in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): the effect of snare injury on complex manual food processing			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	4	Issue	1	Pages	11-28
	Keywords
	Abstract	In chimpanzees, it is only in the restricted context of tool use that manual and cognitive skills have been described, comparable to those that gorillas and orang-utans display in obtaining plant foods. We report the complex food preparation skills used to eat, without tools, the leaves of the tree Broussonettia papyrifera in the Sonso community of chimpanzees at Budongo Forest, Uganda. Able-bodied individuals used multi-stage techniques that required bimanual role differentiation at several stages, and were hierarchical in organisation. A total repertoire of 14 techniques was found, with strong preference in all individuals for either of two of these; 6 additional techniques were found when flowers and leaves were eaten together. However, in this community over 20% of individuals suffer from some form of upper- or lower-limb injury as a result of snares. We investigated the manner of compensation for upper-limb injury. Only the most severely injured showed reduced feeding efficiency. Injured individuals were found to use the same repertoire of techniques as able-bodied chimpanzees. We found no evidence to suggest that injured individuals were able to develop wholly novel techniques optimal for their specific injuries, although shifts in preference for particular techniques did occur. Rather, injured individuals used novel ways of achieving particular steps in the process; by “working around” their impairments; in this way, they managed to use the same techniques as the able-bodied. Since snare injuries generally befall young animals, these results suggest that chimpanzees learn techniques partly through observational learning (of, necessarily, able-bodied individuals).
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3191
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	Author	Stoinski, T.S.; Wrate, J.L.; Ure, N.; Whiten, A.
	Title	Imitative learning by captive western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in a simulated food-processing task			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
	Volume	115	Issue	3	Pages	272-281
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Discrimination Learning; Feeding Behavior/physiology; Gorilla gorilla; *Imitative Behavior; Social Behavior
	Abstract	Although field studies have suggested the existence of cultural transmission of foraging techniques in primates, identification of transmission mechanisms has remained elusive. To test experimentally for evidence of imitation in the current study, we exposed gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) to an artificial fruit foraging task designed by A. Whiten and D. M. Custance (1996). Gorillas (n=6) watched a human model remove a series of 3 defenses around a fruit. Each of the defenses was removed using 1 of 2 alternative techniques. Subsequent video analysis of gorillas' behavior showed a significant tendency to copy the observed technique on 1 of the individual defenses and the direction of removal on another defense. This is the first statistically reliable evidence of imitation in gorillas. Sequence of defense removal was not replicated. The gorillas' responses were most similar to those of chimpanzees.
	Address	TECHlab, Zoo Atlanta, Georgia 30315, USA. stoinskit@mindspring.com
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:11594496			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	738
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	Author	Stahl, J.; Tolsma, P.H.; Loonen, M.J.J.E.; Drent, R.H.
	Title	Subordinates explore but dominants profit: resource competition in high Arctic barnacle goose flocks			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	61	Issue	1	Pages	257-264
	Keywords
	Abstract	Social dominance plays an important role in assessing and obtaining access to patchy or scarce food sources in group-foraging herbivores. We investigated the foraging strategies of individuals with respect to their social position in the group in a flock of nonbreeding, moulting barnacle geese, Branta leucopsis, on high Arctic Spitsbergen. We first determined the dominance rank of individually marked birds. The dominance of an individual was best described by its age and its sex-specific body mass. Mating status explained the large variation in dominance among younger birds, as unpaired yearlings ranked lowest. In an artificially created, competitive situation, subordinate individuals occupied explorative front positions in the flock and were the first to find sites with experimentally enriched vegetation. Nevertheless, they were displaced quickly from these favourable sites by more dominant geese which were able to monopolize them. The enhanced sites were subsequently visited preferentially by individuals that succeeded in feeding there when the exclosures were first opened. Data on walking speed of foraging individuals and nearest-neighbour distances in the group suggest that subordinates try to compensate for a lower energy intake by exploring and by lengthening the foraging bout. Observations of our focal birds during the following breeding season revealed that females that returned to the study area were significantly more dominant in the previous year than those not seen in the area again.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2186
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	Author	Spengler M.I.; Rasia M.
	Title	Influence of Plasma Proteins on Erythrocyte Aggregation in Three Mammalian Species			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Veterinary Research Communications	Abbreviated Journal	Vet.Res.Comm
	Volume	25	Issue	7	Pages	591-599
	Keywords	albumin – bovine – equine – erythrocyte aggregation – dextran – haemorheology – human – plasma protein – polyvinylpyrrolidone
	Abstract	The aggregation capacity of human erythrocytes lies between that of the non-aggregating bovine erythrocytes and the remarkably aggregating equine ones. As the ability to aggregate is attributed to cell factors and the composition of the plasma proteins, the role that plasma proteins play in the aggregation process in these three species was studied. Washed erythrocytes were suspended in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; pH 7.4, 300 mOsm/L) plus polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in a suitable concentration to obtain an average intensity of aggregation (control media). The superimposed effect of replacing 80% of the medium by either autologous plasma, serum or albumin solution was studied. The plasma proteins appeared to enhance aggregation by human and equine erythrocytes, but impaired this process in bovine erythrocytes. Some evidence was obtained supporting the existence of serum factors capable of reducing aggregation of erythrocytes in cattle and it was concluded that the non-aggregating behaviour of bovine erythrocytes may be due to the cells interacting particularly with the macromolecules in the serum.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	2013
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	Author	Sousa, C.; Matsuzawa, T.
	Title	The use of tokens as rewards and tools by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	4	Issue	3	Pages	213-221
	Keywords
	Abstract	This paper explores the effectiveness of token rewards in maintaining chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes) in working at intellectually costly tasks, and studies the “saving” behavior of the subjects, investigating the factors that can condition it. Two experiments were run. Tokens were introduced as rewards in a matching-to-sample task and used as exchange tools for food by three adult female chimpanzees. Subjects' performances were maintained at constant high levels of accuracy, suggesting that the tokens were almost equivalent to direct food rewards. The results also showed the emergence of saving behavior. The subjects spontaneously saved the tokens during the matching-to-sample task before exchanging them for food. The chimpanzees also learned a new symbolic discrimination task, with tokens as the reward. During this learning process a rarely reported phenomenon emerged: one of the subjects showed symmetry, a form of stimulus equivalence.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3280
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	Author	Soproni, K.; Miklósi, A.; Topál, J.; Csányi, V.
	Title	*Comprehension of human communicative signs in pet dogs (Canis familiaris)*			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Journal of Comparative Psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
	Volume	115	Issue	2	Pages	122-126
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Choice Behavior; Dogs/psychology; Female; Humans; Male; Nonverbal Communication/psychology; Recognition (Psychology); *Social Behavior
	Abstract	On the basis of a study by D. J. Povinelli, D. T. Bierschwale, and C. G. Cech (1999), the performance of family dogs (Canis familiaris) was examined in a 2-way food choice task in which 4 types of directional cues were given by the experimenter: pointing and gazing, head-nodding (“at target”), head turning above the correct container (“above target”), and glancing only (“eyes only”). The results showed that the performance of the dogs resembled more closely that of the children in D. J. Povinelli et al.'s study, in contrast to the chimpanzees' performance in the same study. It seems that dogs, like children, interpret the test situation as being a form of communication. The hypothesis is that this similarity is attributable to the social experience and acquired social routines in dogs because they spend more time in close contact with humans than apes do, and as a result dogs are probably more experienced in the recognition of human gestures.
	Address	Department of Ethology, Budapest, Hungary. lavina@ludens.elte.hu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:11459158			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4963
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	Author	Snowdon, C.T.
	Title	Social processes in communication and cognition in callitrichid monkeys: a review			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	4	Issue	3	Pages	247-257
	Keywords
	Abstract	Studies of vocal development in nonhuman primates have found little evidence for plasticity in vocal production, somewhat more for usage of calls, with the greatest plasticity arising in response to calls of others. Generally, similar results were obtained with callitrichid monkeys, the marmosets and tamarins, but with several interesting exceptions. Infant pygmy marmosets show babbling behavior with improvement in adult call structure related to the amount and diversity of babbling. Adult marmosets alter call structure in response to changes in social partners, and wild marmosets have vocal dialects and modify call structure according to how far they are from other group members, suggesting the potential to modify call structure in different social and environmental contexts, though direct learning of novel vocalizations has not been observed. Infant cotton-top tamarins do not produce adult-like calls in appropriate contexts, at least in the first few months of life, but through food sharing from adults infants learn about appropriate foods and the appropriate contexts for food vocalizations. Tamarins modify call structure and usage with changes in social status. Tamarins, unlike other monkeys tested, can learn to avoid noxious foods through observation of other group members, and can learn about novel food locations. Recent studies provide evidence of contextual imitation in marmosets. The plasticity in vocal communication and evidence of social learning in marmosets and tamarins relative to other monkeys may be related to the cooperative breeding system of marmosets and tamarins. With a high degree of behavioral coordination among group members, there is a priority on monitoring signals and behavior of others and adjusting one's own signals and behavior. This creates the context for vocal plasticity and social learning.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3090
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	Author	Slotnick, B.
	Title	Animal cognition and the rat olfactory system			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication		Abbreviated Journal	Trends Cogn Sci
	Volume	5	Issue	5	Pages	216-222
	Keywords
	Abstract	Is smell a 'primitive' sense used primarily to guide biologically basic behaviors or might it be the sensory modality that allows some species to express complex learning and other forms of cognitive behavior? Historically, the olfactory system has been considered primitive and it is not surprising that, until recently, cognitive neuroscientists have ignored odor-guided behavior. However, we now know that the olfactory system has projections to the prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus, and that these connections support the acquisition of simple and higher-order instrumental tasks, as well as a robust memory for odors. It appears that animals with a well-developed sense of smell have the neural machinery to think with their noses.
	Address	Dept of Psychology, American University, 20016, Washington, DC, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1364-6613	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:11323267			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2854
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