| Records |
| Author |
Clement, T.S.; Feltus, J.R.; Kaiser, D.H.; Zentall, T.R. |
Title  |
“Work ethic” in pigeons: reward value is directly related to the effort or time required to obtain the reward |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Psychonomic bulletin & review |
Abbreviated Journal |
Psychon Bull Rev |
| Volume |
7 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
100-106 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Cognition/physiology; Columbidae; Discrimination Learning/physiology; Female; Male; Reinforcement (Psychology); *Reward; Time Factors |
| Abstract |
Stimuli associated with less effort or with shorter delays to reinforcement are generally preferred over those associated with greater effort or longer delays to reinforcement. However, the opposite appears to be true of stimuli that follow greater effort or longer delays. In training, a simple simultaneous discrimination followed a single peck to an initial stimulus (S+FR1 S-FR1) and a different simple simultaneous discrimination followed 20 pecks to the initial stimulus (S+FR20 S-FR20). On test trials, pigeons preferred S+FR20 over S+FR1 and S-FR20 over S-FR1. These data support the view that the state of the animal immediately prior to presentation of the discrimination affects the value of the reinforcement that follows it. This contrast effect is analogous to effects that when they occur in humans have been attributed to more complex cognitive and social factors. |
| Address |
University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA |
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English |
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| ISSN |
1069-9384 |
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| Notes |
PMID:10780022 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
248 |
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| Author |
Byrne R.W. |
| Title |
- Animal Cognition in Nature, edited by Russell P. Balda, Irene M. Pepperberg and Alan C. Kamil |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Trends. Cognit. Sci. |
| Volume |
4 |
Issue |
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Pages |
73-73 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3480 |
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| Author |
Houpt, K.; Marrow, M.; Seeliger, M. |
| Title |
A preliminary study of the effect of music on equine behavior |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Journal of Equine Veterinary Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
20 |
Issue |
11 |
Pages |
691-737 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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1988 |
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| Author |
Houpt, K.; Marrow, M.; Seeliger, M. |
| Title |
A preliminary study of the effect of music on equine behavior |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Journal of Equine Veterinary Science |
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| Volume |
20 |
Issue |
11 |
Pages |
691-737 |
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0737-0806 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6633 |
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| Author |
Oakenfull, E.A.; Lim, H.; Ryder, O. |
| Title |
A survey of equid mitochondrial DNA: Implications for the evolution, genetic diversity and conservation of Equus |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Conservation Genetics |
Abbreviated Journal |
Conservat Genet |
| Volume |
1 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
341-355 |
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| Abstract |
The evolution, taxonomy and conservation of the genus Equuswere investigated by examining the mitochondrial DNA sequences of thecontrol region and 12S rRNA gene. The phylogenetic analysis of thesesequences provides further evidence that the deepest node in thephylogeny of the extant species is a divergence between twolineages; one leading to the ancestor of modern horses (E.ferus, domestic and przewalskii) and the other to thezebra and ass ancestor, with the later speciation events of the zebrasand asses occurring either as one or more rapid radiations, or withextensive secondary contact after speciation. Examination of the geneticdiversity within species suggested that two of the E. hemionussubspecies (E. h. onager and E. h. kulan) onlyrecently diverged, and perhaps, are insufficiently different to beclassified as separate subspecies. The genetic divergence betweendomestic and wild forms of E. ferus (horse) and E.africanus (African ass) was no greater than expected within anequid species. In E. burchelli (plains zebra) there was anindication of mtDNA divergence between populations increasing withdistance. The implications of these results for equid conservation arediscussed and recommendations are made for conservation action. |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5039 |
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| Author |
von Fersen, L.; Delius, J.D. |
| Title |
Acquired equivalences between auditory stimuli in dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume |
3 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
79-83 |
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| Abstract |
This study investigated whether dolphins would show evidence of equivalence class formation between auditory stimuli. Bottlenose dolphins were trained to press one or other of two response levers depending on which one of four auditory stimuli had been previously presented. Once they had learned the initial discriminations, the stimulus-lever contingencies was repeatedly reversed. Within any given session, however, pressing of one lever always led to reward with one set of two tones and pressing the other lever led to non-reward with an alternative set of two tones. After sufficient experience with this response reversal procedure, the dolphins spontaneously chose the same levers they had first learned to be correct with one of the across-set stimulus pairs when later in the session they were presented with the other of the across-set stimulus pairs. They thus demonstrated that they had associated the tones belonging to the two sets within two separate functional classes. It is discussed why the dolphins succeeded with auditory stimuli when they had previously failed in a similar task with visual stimuli. |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3342 |
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| Author |
Linklater, W.L. |
| Title |
Adaptive explanation in socio-ecology: lessons from the Equidae |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society |
Abbreviated Journal |
Biol. Rev. |
| Volume |
75 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
1-20 |
| Keywords |
*Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Ecology; Equidae/*physiology; Female; Male; Phylogeny |
| Abstract |
Socio-ecological explanations for intra- and interspecific variation in the social and spatial organization of animals predominate in the scientific literature. The socio-ecological model, developed first for the Bovidae and Cervidae, is commonly applied more widely to other groups including the Equidae. Intraspecific comparisons are particularly valuable because they allow the role of environment and demography on social and spatial organization to be understood while controlling for phylogeny or morphology which confound interspecific comparisons. Feral horse (Equus caballus Linnaeus 1758) populations with different demography inhabit a range of environments throughout the world. I use 56 reports to obtain 23 measures or characteristics of the behaviour and the social and spatial organization of 19 feral horse populations in which the environment, demography, management, research effort and sample size are also described. Comparison shows that different populations had remarkably similar social and spatial organization and that group sizes and composition, and home range sizes varied as much within as between populations. I assess the few exceptions to uniformity and conclude that they are due to the attributes of the studies themselves, particularly to poor definition of terms and inadequate empiricism, rather than to the environment or demography per se. Interspecific comparisons show that equid species adhere to their different social and spatial organizations despite similarities in their environments and even when species are sympatric. Furthermore, equid male territoriality has been ill-defined in previous studies, observations presented as evidence of territoriality are also found in non-territorial equids, and populations of supposedly territorial species demonstrate female defence polygyny. Thus, territoriality may not be a useful categorization in the Equidae. Moreover, although equid socio-ecologists have relied on the socio-ecological model derived from the extremely diverse Bovidae and Cervidae for explanations of variation in equine society, the homomorphic, but large and polygynous, and monogeneric Equidae do not support previous socio-ecological explanations for relationships between body size, mating system and sexual dimorphism in ungulates. Consequently, in spite of the efforts of numerous authors during the past two decades, functional explanations of apparent differences in feral horse and equid social and spatial organization and behaviour based on assumptions of their current utility in the environmental or demographic context remain unconvincing. Nevertheless, differences in social cohesion between species that are insensitive to intra- and interspecific variation in habitat and predation pressure warrant explanation. Thus, I propose alternative avenues of inquiry including testing for species-specific differences in inter-individual aggression and investigating the role of phylogenetic constraints in equine society. The Equidae are evidence of the relative importance of phylogeny and biological structure, and unimportance of the present-day environment, in animal behaviour and social and spatial organization. |
| Address |
Institute of Natural Resources, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand |
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English |
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1464-7931 |
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| Notes |
PMID:10740891 |
Approved |
no |
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Serial |
2024 |
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| Author |
Weeks, J.W.; Crowell-Davis, S.L.; Caudle, A.B.; Heusner, G.L. |
| Title |
Aggression and social spacing in light horse (Equus caballus) mares and foals |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume |
68 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
319-337 |
| Keywords |
Dominance relationships; Horse; Sex differences; Social ontogeny; aggregation; parent-offspring interaction; social behavior |
| Abstract |
Aggression and social spacing were studied in 14 light horse mares and their foals living at pasture. Focal samples were collected on each mare-foal dyad for 6 to 10.5 h from 2 months of foal age until weaning at approximately 4 months of age. Observations on foals continued until approximately 6 months of age for 7.5 to 10.5 h per foal. Every 2 min the identities of all individuals within 5 m were recorded. All occurrences of agonistic behavior, and the participants, were recorded during the focal samples. In addition, during feeding of supplemental grain, all occurrences of agonistic behavior by all subjects were recorded. Significant correlations were found between mare rank and the rank of foals both prior to and after weaning. Before weaning, the rank of the foal was significantly correlated with birth order. No significant correlation between birth order and foal rank was found for the post-weaning hierarchy. An animal's gender had no significant effect on foal rank or the choice of preferred associate. Both prior to and after weaning, foals associated preferentially with the foal of their dam's most preferred associate. In addition, significant positive correlations were found between rank of mares and foals and the rate at which they directed aggression to other herd members. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. |
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Cited By (since 1996): 7; Export Date: 21 April 2007; Source: Scopus |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
788 |
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| Author |
Cameron, E.Z.; Linklater, W.L.; Stafford, K.J.; Minot, E.O. |
| Title |
Aging and improving reproductive success in horses: declining residual reproductive value or just older and wiser? |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
| Volume |
47 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
243-249 |
| Keywords |
Maternal investment – Equidae – Equus caballus |
| Abstract |
In many mammalian species, female success in raising offspring improves as they age. The residual reproductive value hypothesis predicts that each individual offspring will be more valuable to the mother as she ages because there is less conflict between the current and potential future offspring. Therefore, as mothers age, their investment into individual offspring should increase. Empirical evidence for an influence of declining residual reproductive value on maternal investment is unconvincing. Older mothers may not invest more, but may be more successful due to greater experience, allowing them to target their investment more appropriately (targeted reproductive effort hypothesis). Most studies do not preclude either hypothesis. Mare age significantly influenced maternal investment in feral horses living on the North Island of New Zealand. Older mares, that were more successful at raising foals, were more protective for the first 20 days of life, but less diligent thereafter. Total maternal input by older mothers did not seem to be any greater, but was better targeted at the most critical period for foal survival and a similar pattern was observed in mares that had lost a foal in the previous year. In addition, older mothers were more likely to foal in consecutive years, supporting the hypothesis that they are investing less than younger mares in individual offspring. Therefore, older mothers seem to become more successful by targeting their investment better due to experience, not by investing more in their offspring. |
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2019 |
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| Author |
Kirkwood, J.K. |
| Title |
Animal minds and animal welfare |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2000 |
Publication |
The Veterinary Record |
Abbreviated Journal |
Vet. Rec. |
| Volume |
146 |
Issue |
11 |
Pages |
327 |
| Keywords |
*Animal Welfare; Animals; Animals, Domestic/*psychology; *Cognition; Consciousness; Veterinary Medicine/standards |
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0042-4900 |
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PMID:10766123 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2856 |
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