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Author Emery, N.J.
Title The eyes have it: the neuroethology, function and evolution of social gaze Type Journal Article
Year 2000 Publication Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews Abbreviated Journal Neurosci Biobehav Rev
Volume 24 Issue 6 Pages 581-604
Keywords Animals; *Eye; Fixation, Ocular; Humans; *Social Behavior
Abstract Gaze is an important component of social interaction. The function, evolution and neurobiology of gaze processing are therefore of interest to a number of researchers. This review discusses the evolutionary role of social gaze in vertebrates (focusing on primates), and a hypothesis that this role has changed substantially for primates compared to other animals. This change may have been driven by morphological changes to the face and eyes of primates, limitations in the facial anatomy of other vertebrates, changes in the ecology of the environment in which primates live, and a necessity to communicate information about the environment, emotional and mental states. The eyes represent different levels of signal value depending on the status, disposition and emotional state of the sender and receiver of such signals. There are regions in the monkey and human brain which contain neurons that respond selectively to faces, bodies and eye gaze. The ability to follow another individual's gaze direction is affected in individuals with autism and other psychopathological disorders, and after particular localized brain lesions. The hypothesis that gaze following is “hard-wired” in the brain, and may be localized within a circuit linking the superior temporal sulcus, amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex is discussed.
Address Center for Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry & California Regional Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. njemery@ucdavis.edu
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Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0149-7634 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:10940436 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial (up) 3996
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Author Madigan, J.E.; Whittemore, J.
Title The role of the equine practitioner in disasters Type Journal Article
Year 2000 Publication Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association Abbreviated Journal J Am Vet Med Assoc
Volume 216 Issue 8 Pages 1238-1239
Keywords *Animal Husbandry/education; *Animal Welfare; Animals; Disaster Planning; *Horses; *Natural Disasters; United States; *Veterinary Medicine
Abstract
Address Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis 95616, USA
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0003-1488 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:10767959 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial (up) 4055
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Author Sapolsky, R.M.; Romero, L.M.; Munck, A.U.
Title How Do Glucocorticoids Influence Stress Responses? Integrating Permissive, Suppressive, Stimulatory, and Preparative Actions Type Journal Article
Year 2000 Publication Endocr Rev Abbreviated Journal
Volume 21 Issue 1 Pages 55-89
Keywords
Abstract The secretion of glucocorticoids (GCs) is a classic endocrine response to stress. Despite that, it remains controversial as to what purpose GCs serve at such times. One view, stretching back to the time of Hans Selye, posits that GCs help mediate the ongoing or pending stress response, either via basal levels of GCs permitting other facets of the stress response to emerge efficaciously, and/or by stress levels of GCs actively stimulating the stress response. In contrast, a revisionist viewpoint posits that GCs suppress the stress response, preventing it from being pathologically overactivated. In this review, we consider recent findings regarding GC action and, based on them, generate criteria for determining whether a particular GC action permits, stimulates, or suppresses an ongoing stress-response or, as an additional category, is preparative for a subsequent stressor. We apply these GC actions to the realms of cardiovascular function, fluid volume and hemorrhage, immunity and inflammation, metabolism, neurobiology, and reproductive physiology. We find that GC actions fall into markedly different categories, depending on the physiological endpoint in question, with evidence for mediating effects in some cases, and suppressive or preparative in others. We then attempt to assimilate these heterogeneous GC actions into a physiological whole.
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Notes 10.1210/er.21.1.55 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial (up) 4070
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Author Weiss, A.; King, J.E.; Figueredo, A.J.
Title The heritability of personality factors in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) Type Journal Article
Year 2000 Publication Behavior Genetics Abbreviated Journal Behav Genet
Volume 30 Issue 3 Pages 213-221
Keywords Animals; Female; Humans; Male; Models, Genetic; Pan troglodytes/*genetics; Personality/*genetics; Social Environment
Abstract Human personality and behavior genetic studies have resulted in a growing consensus that five heritable factors account for most variance in human personality. Prior research showed that chimpanzee personality is composed of a dominance-related factor and five human-like factors--Surgency, Dependability, Emotional Stability, Agreeableness, and Openness. Genetic, shared zoo, and nonshared environmental variance components of the six factors were estimated by regressing squared phenotypic differences of all possible pairs of chimpanzees onto 1 – Rij, where Rij equals the degree of relationship and a variable indicating whether the pair was housed in the same zoo. Dominance showed significant narrow-sense heritability. Shared zoo effects accounted for only a negligible proportion of the variance for all factors.
Address Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721, USA. aweiss@u.arizona.edu
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Language English Summary Language Original Title
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ISSN 0001-8244 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:11105395 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial (up) 4143
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Author Mrabet, O.; Es-Salah, Z.; Telhiq, A.; Aubert, A.; Liege, S.; Choulli, K.; Neveu, P.J.
Title Influence of gender and behavioural lateralisation on two exploratory models of anxiety in C3H mice Type Journal Article
Year 2000 Publication Abbreviated Journal Behav Processes
Volume 52 Issue 1 Pages 35-42
Keywords
Abstract Behavioural lateralisation, which has been postulated to be an individual personality trait, is related to the activity of various physiological systems including the immune system. As lateralisation has been related to anxiety, which is known to influence immune reactivity, it can be hypothesized that the relation between lateralisation and immune reactivity involves individual behavioural patterns as they appear in exploratory-based anxiety models. In order to answer this question, a behavioural investigation focussing on exploratory activity was undertaken in male and female C3H mice previously selected for their paw preference. The observations were performed using two generic paradigms: elevated plus-maze and open field. Exploratory behaviour in the open field, but not in the plus-maze, was influenced by the interactive effect of gender and behavioural lateralisation. A significant difference between male and female mice was found in left-pawed but not in right-pawed nor ambidextrous animals, left-pawed female mice displaying the less exploratory behaviours. These results provide a first evidence of inter-individual variations in exploratory behaviours involving interaction between gender and lateralisation.
Address U.F.R. des Sciences Biologiques et Pharmaceutiques, Departement de Biologie, Faculte des Sciences, Universite Ibn Tofail, Kenitra, Morocco
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Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0376-6357 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:11011107 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial (up) 4149
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Author Le Pendu, Y.; Guilhem, C.; Briedermann, L.; Maublanc, M.-L.; Gerard, J.-F.
Title Interactions and associations between age and sex classes in mouflon sheep (Ovis gmelini) during winter Type Journal Article
Year 2000 Publication Behavioural Processes Abbreviated Journal Behav. Process.
Volume 52 Issue 2-3 Pages 97-107
Keywords Group composition; Interactive behaviour; Sexual segregation; Social organisation; Ungulate; Wild sheep
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial (up) 4248
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Author Müller, A. E.; Thalmann, U.
Title Origin and evolution of primate social organisation: a reconstruction Type Journal Article
Year 2000 Publication Biological Reviews Abbreviated Journal
Volume 75 Issue Pages 405-435
Keywords social organisation; evolution; ancestral primate; strepsirhines; nocturnal prosimians; lemurs; lorisiforms; dispersed multi-male system; promiscuity.
Abstract Abstract

The evolution and origin of primate social organisation has attracted the attention of many researchers, and a solitary pattern, believed to be present in most nocturnal prosimians, has been generally considered as the most primitive system. Nocturnal prosimians are in fact mostly seen alone during their nightly activities and therefore termed “solitary foragers”, but that does not mean that they are not social. Moreover, designating their social organisation as “solitary”, implies that their way of life is uniform in all species. It has, however, emerged over the last decades that all of them exhibit not only some kind of social network but also that those networks differ among species. There is a need to classify these social networks in the same manner as with group-living (gregarious) animals if we wish to link up the different forms of primate social organisation with ecological, morphological or phylogenetic variables. In this review, we establish a basic classification based on spatial relations and sociality in order to describe and cope properly with the social organisation patterns of the different species of nocturnal prosimians and other mammals that do not forage in cohesive groups. In attempting to trace the ancestral pattern of primate social organisation, the Malagasy mouse and dwarf lemurs and the Afro-Asian bushbabies and lorises are of special interest because they are thought to approach the ancestral conditions most closely. These species have generally been believed to exhibit a dispersed harem system as their pattern of social organisation (“dispersed” means that individuals forage solitarily but exhibit a social network). Therefore, the ancestral pattern of primate social organisation was inferred to be a dispersed harem. In fact, new field data on cheirogaleids combined with a review of patterns of social organisation in strepsirhines (lemurs, bushbabies and lorises) revealed that they exhibit either dispersed multi-male systems or dispersed monogamy rather than a dispersed harem system. Therefore, the concept of a dispersed harem system as the ancestral condition of primate social organisation can no longer be supported. In combination with data on social organisation patterns in “primitive” placentals and marsupials, and in monotremes, it is in fact most probable that promiscuity is the ancestral pattern for mammalian social organisation. Subsequently, a dispersed multi-male system derived from promiscuity should be regarded as the ancestral condition for primates. We further suggest that the gregarious patterns of social organisation in Aotus and Avahi, and the dispersed form in Tarsius evolved from the gregarious patterns of diurnal primates rather than from the dispersed nocturnal type. It is consequently proposed that, in addition to Aotus and Tarsius, Avahi is also secondarily nocturnal.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial (up) 4257
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Author Dyer, F. C.
Title Individual cognition and group movement: insights from social insects. Type Book Chapter
Year 2000 Publication Group Movement in Social Primates and Other Animals: Patterns, Processes, and Cognitive Implications. Abbreviated Journal
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Publisher University of Chicago Press Place of Publication Chicago Editor Garber, P.;Boinski, S.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial (up) 4425
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Author Connor, R.C.; Wells, R.S.; Mann, J.; Read,A.J.
Title The bottlenose dolphin: Social relationships in a fission-fusion society. Type Book Chapter
Year 2000 Publication Cetacean Societies: Field Studies of Dolphins and Whales. Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 91-126
Keywords cetacean social behavior, male alliance formation, most cetacean species, platanistid river dolphins, cetacean sociality, strategies and social bonds, female cetaceans, many cetologists, most mysticetes, sperm whale calves, passive fishing nets, variant whistles, historical whaling records, cetacean systematics, stable matrilineal groups, peak calving season, suction cup tags, mutualistic groups, cetacean vocalizations, focal animal studies, larger odontocetes, predictive signaling, individual cetaceans, sperm whale clicks, resident killer whales
Abstract Book Description

“Part review, part testament to extraordinary dedication, and part call to get involved, Cetacean Societies highlights the achievements of behavioral ecologists inspired by the challenges of cetaceans and committed to the exploration of a new world.”-from the preface by Richard Wrangham

Long-lived, slow to reproduce, and often hidden beneath the water's surface, whales and dolphins (cetaceans) have remained elusive subjects for scientific study even though they have fascinated humans for centuries. Until recently, much of what we knew about cetaceans came from commercial sources such as whalers and trainers for dolphin acts. Innovative research methods and persistent efforts, however, have begun to penetrate the depths to reveal tantalizing glimpses of the lives of these mammals in their natural habitats.

Cetacean Societies presents the first comprehensive synthesis and review of these new studies. Groups of chapters focus on the history of cetacean behavioral research and methodology; state-of-the-art reviews of information on four of the most-studied species: bottlenose dolphins, killer whales, sperm whales, and humpback whales; and summaries of major topics, including group living, male and female reproductive strategies, communication, and conservation drawn from comparative research on a wide range of species.

Written by some of the world's leading cetacean scientists, this landmark volume will benefit not just students of cetology but also researchers in other areas of behavioral and conservation ecology as well as anyone with a serious interest in the world of whales and dolphins.

Contributors are Robin Baird, Phillip Clapham, Jenny Christal, Richard Connor, Janet Mann, Andrew Read, Randall Reeves, Amy Samuels, Peter Tyack, Linda Weilgart, Hal Whitehead, Randall S. Wells, and Richard Wrangham.
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Publisher University of Chicago Press Place of Publication Chicago Editor Mann, J.;Connor, R.C.; Tyack, P.L.;Whitehead, H.
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN ISBN 978-0226503417 Medium
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial (up) 4427
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Author Mohr, E.; Witte, E.; Voss, B.
Title Heart rate variability as stress indicator Type Journal Article
Year 2000 Publication Archiv fur Tierzucht Abbreviated Journal
Volume 43 Issue 3 Spec. Iss. Pages 171-176
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Notes Cited By (since 1996): 2; Export Date: 21 October 2008 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial (up) 4534
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