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| Author |
Hemelrijk, C.K. |
| Title |
Towards the integration of social dominance and spatial structure |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
59 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages  |
1035-1048 |
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| Abstract |
My aim was to show how individual-oriented (or artificial life) models may provide an integrative background for the development of theories about dominance by including effects of spatial structure. Dominance interactions are thought to serve two different, contrasting functions: acquisition of high rank and reduction of aggression. The model I present consists of a homogeneous virtual world inhabited by artificial agents whose actions are restricted to grouping and dominance interactions in which the effects of winning and losing are self-reinforcing. The two functions are implemented as strategies to initiate dominance interactions and the intensity of aggression and dominance perception (direct or memory based) are varied experimentally. Behaviour is studied by recording the same behavioural units as in real animals. Ranks appear to differentiate more clearly at high than at low intensity of aggression and also more in the case of direct than of memory-based rank perception. Strong differentiation of rank produces a cascade of unexpected effects that differ depending on which function is implemented: for instance, a decline in aggression, spatial centrality of dominants and a correlation between rank and aggression. Insight into the origination of these self-organized patterns leads to new hypotheses for the study of the social behaviour of real animals. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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863 |
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| Author |
Hagen, S.J.; Eaton, W.A. |
| Title |
Two-state expansion and collapse of a polypeptide |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Journal of Molecular Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Mol Biol |
| Volume |
301 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
1019-1027 |
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Animals; Computer Simulation; Cytochrome c Group/*chemistry/*metabolism; Horses; Kinetics; Lasers; Models, Chemical; Peptides/*chemistry/*metabolism; Protein Conformation; Protein Denaturation; *Protein Folding; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Temperature; Thermodynamics |
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The initial phase of folding for many proteins is presumed to be the collapse of the polypeptide chain from expanded to compact, but still denatured, conformations. Theory and simulations suggest that this collapse may be a two-state transition, characterized by barrier-crossing kinetics, while the collapse of homopolymers is continuous and multi-phasic. We have used a laser temperature-jump with fluorescence spectroscopy to measure the complete time-course of the collapse of denatured cytochrome c with nanosecond time resolution. We find the process to be exponential in time and thermally activated, with an apparent activation energy approximately 9 k(B)T (after correction for solvent viscosity). These results indicate that polypeptide collapse is kinetically a two-state transition. Because of the observed free energy barrier, the time scale of polypeptide collapse is dramatically slower than is predicted by Langevin models for homopolymer collapse. |
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Laboratory of Chemical Physics, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Building 5, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0520, USA |
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0022-2836 |
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PMID:10966803 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3790 |
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| Author |
Pierce, M.M.; Nall, B.T. |
| Title |
Coupled kinetic traps in cytochrome c folding: His-heme misligation and proline isomerization |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Journal of Molecular Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Mol Biol |
| Volume |
298 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
955-969 |
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Amino Acid Sequence; Amino Acid Substitution/genetics; Binding Sites; Cytochrome c Group/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism; *Cytochromes c; Enzyme Stability/drug effects; Fluorescence; Guanidine/pharmacology; Heme/*metabolism; Histidine/genetics/*metabolism; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Isomerism; Kinetics; Models, Molecular; Molecular Sequence Data; Mutation/genetics; Proline/*chemistry/metabolism; Protein Conformation/drug effects; Protein Denaturation/drug effects; *Protein Folding; Protein Renaturation; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/enzymology/genetics; Sequence Alignment; Thermodynamics |
| Abstract |
The effect of His-heme misligation on folding has been investigated for a triple mutant of yeast iso-2 cytochrome c (N26H,H33N,H39K iso-2). The variant contains a single misligating His residue at position 26, a location at which His residues are found in several cytochrome c homologues, including horse, tuna, and yeast iso-1. The amplitude for fast phase folding exhibits a strong initial pH dependence. For GdnHCl unfolded protein at an initial pH<5, the observed refolding at final pH 6 is dominated by a fast phase (tau(2f)=20 ms, alpha(2f)=90 %) that represents folding in the absence of misligation. For unfolded protein at initial pH 6, folding at final pH 6 occurs in a fast phase of reduced amplitude (alpha(2f) approximately 20 %) but the same rate (tau(2f)=20 ms), and in two slower phases (tau(m)=6-8 seconds, alpha(m) approximately 45 %; and tau(1b)=16-20 seconds, alpha(1b) approximately 35 %). Double jump experiments show that the initial pH dependence of the folding amplitudes results from a slow pH-dependent equilibrium between fast and slow folding species present in the unfolded protein. The slow equilibrium arises from coupling of the His protonation equilibrium to His-heme misligation and proline isomerization. Specifically, Pro25 is predominantly in trans in the unligated low-pH unfolded protein, but is constrained in a non-native cis isomerization state by His26-heme misligation near neutral pH. Refolding from the misligated unfolded form proceeds slowly due to the large energetic barrier required for proline isomerization and displacement of the misligated His26-heme ligand. |
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Center for Biomolecular Structure, Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA |
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0022-2836 |
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PMID:10801361 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3853 |
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Seyfarth, R.M.; Cheney, D.L. |
| Title |
Social Awareness in Monkeys |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Amer. Zool. |
Abbreviated Journal |
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40 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
902-909 |
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Tests of self-awareness in nonhuman primates have to date been concerned almost entirely with the recognition of an animal's reflection in a mirror. By contrast, we know much less about non-human primates' perception of their place within a social network, or of their understanding of themselves as individuals with unique sets of social relationships. Here we review evidence that monkeys who fail the mirror test may nonetheless behave as if they recognize themselves as distinct individuals, each of whom occupies a unique place in society and has a specific set of relations with others. A free-ranging vervet monkey, baboon, or macaque recognizes other members of his group as individuals. He also recognizes matrilineal kin groups, linear dominance rank orders, and behaves as if he recognizes his own unique place within them. This sense of “social self” in monkeys, however, is markedly different from self-awareness in humans. Although monkeys may behave in ways that accurately place themselves within a social network, they are unaware of the knowledge that allows them to do so: they do not know what they know, cannot reflect on what they know, and cannot become the object of their own attention. |
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10.1093/icb/40.6.902 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4934 |
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Bickerton, D. |
| Title |
Resolving Discontinuity: A Minimalist Distinction between Human and Non-human Minds |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Integr. Comp. Biol. |
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40 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
862-873 |
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Our genotype is so similar to those of the African apes, and our last common ancestor with them so recent, that it seems impossible that human and non-human cognition should differ qualitatively. But the outputs of human cognition are unique in their limitless creativity and adaptability. Exaption resolves the apparent paradox. Assume that the power to create symbols emerges from stimulus-stimulus linkages and is latent in many animals, and that the structural side of language emerges from the argument structures inherent in the social calculus associated with reciprocal altruism. These adaptations confer the potential for language. However, creating complex messages requires uniquely long-lasting coherence of neural signals, which depends in turn on the large quantities of neurons unique to Homo. The only difference between human and non-human minds is that we can sustain longer and more complex trains of thought. All else (emotions, rational processes, even consciousness) could be exactly the same. |
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10.1093/icb/40.6.862 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2966 |
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Hare, B.; Call, J.; Agnetta, B.; Tomasello, M. |
| Title |
Chimpanzees know what conspecifics do and do not see |
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Journal Article |
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2000 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
59 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
771-785 |
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We report a series of experiments on social problem solving in chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes. In each experiment a subordinate and a dominant individual were put into competition over two pieces of food. In all experiments dominants obtained virtually all of the foods to which they had good visual and physical access. However, subordinates were successful quite often in three situations in which they had better visual access to the food than the dominant, for example, when the food was positioned so that only the subordinate (and not the dominant) could see it. In some cases, the subordinate might have been monitoring the behaviour of the dominant directly and simply avoided the food that the dominant was moving towards (which just happened to be the one it could see). In other cases, however, we ruled out this possibility by giving subordinates a small headstart and forcing them to make their choice (to go to the food that both competitors could see, or the food that only they could see) before the dominant was released into the area. Together with other recent studies, the present investigation suggests that chimpanzees know what conspecifics can and cannot see, and, furthermore, that they use this knowledge to devise effective social-cognitive strategies in naturally occurring food competition situations. |
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585 |
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Linklater, W.L.; Cameron, E.Z. |
| Title |
Tests for cooperative behaviour between stallions |
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Journal Article |
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2000 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
60 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
731-743 |
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Breeding groups with multiple stallions occur sympatrically with single-stallion breeding groups in feral horse, Equus caballus, populations. Mutualism and reciprocal altruism between stallions have been proposed to explain the origin and functioning of multistallion bands. However, empirical support for these hypotheses is contradictory and incomplete. Furthermore, there are no explicit tests of the predictions that each hypothesis makes about stallion behaviour and social structure. We compared nine multistallion and 18 single-stallion bands in the Kaimanawa Ranges, New Zealand. Compared with agonistic behaviours, affiliative behaviours were relatively unimportant in the relationships between stallions within bands. The number of stallions in the band did not have a positive influence on mare group size, stability, home range quality or reproductive success in bands. Furthermore, there was a positive relationship between aggression ('intolerance') by the dominant towards subordinate stallions and the subordinates' effort in mare group defence ('helping') but a negative relationship between helping effort by subordinates and their proximity to, and mating with, the bands' mares. Therefore, the predictions of the mutualism and reciprocal altruism hypotheses were not supported. Indeed, for some of the predictions we found the opposite outcomes to be true. Multistallion bands had significantly poorer reproductive success, and dominant stallions were less tolerant of subordinates that helped most and reduced their access to mares. Nevertheless, in all other respects Kaimanawa stallions in multistallion bands behaved like those described elsewhere. Thus, we reject cooperative hypotheses for multimale breeding groups in horses and discuss the mate parasitism and consort hypotheses as better alternatives. Copyright 2000 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. |
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Ecology Group, Institute of Natural Resources, Massey University |
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0003-3472 |
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PMID:11124871 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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415 |
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Foster, K.R.; Ratnieks, F.L.W. |
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Social insects: Facultative worker policing in a wasp |
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Journal Article |
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2000 |
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Nature |
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407 |
Issue |
6805 |
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692-693 |
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Kin-selection theory predicts that in social-insect colonies where the queen has mated multiple times, the workers will enforce cooperation by policing each other's reproduction1, 2, 3, 4. We have discovered a species, the wasp Dolichovespula saxonica, in which some queens mate once and others mate many times, and in which workers frequently attempt reproduction, allowing this prediction to be tested directly. We find that multiple mating by the queen leads to mutual policing by workers, whereas single mating does not. |
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Macmillan Magazines Ltd. |
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0028-0836 |
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10.1038/35037665 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4940 |
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Houpt, K.; Marrow, M.; Seeliger, M. |
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A preliminary study of the effect of music on equine behavior |
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Journal Article |
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2000 |
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Journal of Equine Veterinary Science |
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20 |
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11 |
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691-737 |
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1988 |
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Houpt, K.; Marrow, M.; Seeliger, M. |
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A preliminary study of the effect of music on equine behavior |
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2000 |
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Journal of Equine Veterinary Science |
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20 |
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11 |
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691-737 |
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0737-0806 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6633 |
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