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Author (up) Abbruzzetti, S.; Crema, E.; Masino, L.; Vecli, A.; Viappiani, C.; Small, J.R.; Libertini, L.J.; Small, E.W.
Title Fast events in protein folding: structural volume changes accompanying the early events in the N-->I transition of apomyoglobin induced by ultrafast pH jump Type Journal Article
Year 2000 Publication Biophysical Journal Abbreviated Journal Biophys J
Volume 78 Issue 1 Pages 405-415
Keywords Animals; Apoproteins/*chemistry; Horses; *Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Kinetics; Models, Molecular; Myoglobin/*chemistry; Protein Conformation; *Protein Folding; Protein Structure, Secondary; Spectrometry, Fluorescence
Abstract Ultrafast, laser-induced pH jump with time-resolved photoacoustic detection has been used to investigate the early protonation steps leading to the formation of the compact acid intermediate (I) of apomyoglobin (ApoMb). When ApoMb is in its native state (N) at pH 7.0, rapid acidification induced by a laser pulse leads to two parallel protonation processes. One reaction can be attributed to the binding of protons to the imidazole rings of His24 and His119. Reaction with imidazole leads to an unusually large contraction of -82 +/- 3 ml/mol, an enthalpy change of 8 +/- 1 kcal/mol, and an apparent bimolecular rate constant of (0.77 +/- 0.03) x 10(10) M(-1) s(-1). Our experiments evidence a rate-limiting step for this process at high ApoMb concentrations, characterized by a value of (0. 60 +/- 0.07) x 10(6) s(-1). The second protonation reaction at pH 7. 0 can be attributed to neutralization of carboxylate groups and is accompanied by an apparent expansion of 3.4 +/- 0.2 ml/mol, occurring with an apparent bimolecular rate constant of (1.25 +/- 0.02) x 10(11) M(-1) s(-1), and a reaction enthalpy of about 2 kcal/mol. The activation energy for the processes associated with the protonation of His24 and His119 is 16.2 +/- 0.9 kcal/mol, whereas that for the neutralization of carboxylates is 9.2 +/- 0.9 kcal/mol. At pH 4.5 ApoMb is in a partially unfolded state (I) and rapid acidification experiments evidence only the process assigned to carboxylate protonation. The unusually large contraction and the high energetic barrier observed at pH 7.0 for the protonation of the His residues suggests that the formation of the compact acid intermediate involves a rate-limiting step after protonation.
Address Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita di Parma, 43100 Parma, Italia
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Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0006-3495 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:10620304 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3792
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Author (up) Aldezabal, A.; Garin, I.
Title Browsing preference of feral goats (Capra hircus L.) in a Mediterranean mountain scrubland Type Journal Article
Year 2000 Publication J Arid Env Abbreviated Journal
Volume 44 Issue Pages
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Aldezabal2000 Serial 6256
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Author (up) Allman, J.M.
Title Evolving brains. Type Book Whole
Year 2000 Publication Evolving brains Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
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Abstract How did the human brain with all its manifold capacities evolve from basic functions in simple organisms that lived nearly a billion years ago? John Allman addresses this question in Evolving Brains, a provocative study of brain evolution that introduces readers to some of the most exciting developments in science in recent years.
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Publisher Scientific American Library Place of Publication New York Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN 978-0716760382 Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5460
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Author (up) Aureli, Filippo; de Waal, F. B. M.
Title Natural conflict resolution Type Book Whole
Year 2000 Publication University of California Press Abbreviated Journal University of California Press.
Volume Issue Pages
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Abstract Introduction FILIPPO AURELI & FRANS B. M. DE WAAL Menzel, C. R. 1993. van Schaik, C. P., & van Noordwijk, M. A. 1986. Communication by agonistic displays: What can games theory contribute to ethology? Chapais, B. 1995. Alliances as a means of competition in primates: Evolutionary, developmental, and cognitive aspects. Punishment in animal societies. Nature, 373: 209-216.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Berkley Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
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Notes Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 533
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Author (up) B. Agnetta,; B. Hare,; M. Tomasello,
Title Cues to food location that domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) of different ages do and do not use Type Journal Article
Year 2000 Publication Animal Cognition Abbreviated Journal Anim. Cogn.
Volume 3 Issue 2 Pages 107-112
Keywords Dogs – Arctic wolves – Social cognition – Gaze following – Communication
Abstract Autoren

B. Agnetta, B. Hare, M. Tomasello

Zusammenfassung

The results of three experiments are reported. In the main study, a human experimenter presented domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) with a variety of social cues intended to indicate the location of hidden food. The novel findings of this study were: (1) dogs were able to use successfully several totally novel cues in which they watched a human place a marker in front of the target location; (2) dogs were unable to use the marker by itself with no behavioral cues (suggesting that some form of human behavior directed to the target location was a necessary part of the cue); and (3) there were no significant developments in dogs' skills in these tasks across the age range 4 months to 4 years (arguing against the necessity of extensive learning experiences with humans). In a follow-up study, dogs did not follow human gaze into “empty space” outside of the simulated foraging context. Finally, in a small pilot study, two arctic wolves (Canis lupus) were unable to use human cues to locate hidden food. These results suggest the possibility that domestic dogs have evolved an adaptive specialization for using human-produced directional cues in a goal-directed (especially foraging) context. Exactly how they understand these cues is still an open question.

Schlüsselwörter

Key words Dogs – Arctic wolves – Social cognition – Gaze following – Communication
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Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 598
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Author (up) Bailey, A.; Williams, N.; Palmer, M.; Geering, R.
Title The farmer as service provider: the demand for agricultural commodities and equine services Type Journal Article
Year 2000 Publication Agricultural Systems Abbreviated Journal
Volume 66 Issue 3 Pages 191-204
Keywords Income and price elasticity of demand; Farm diversification; Horses
Abstract In recent years there has been much interest in alternative sources of income for farmers. This is because economic theory suggests that demand for agricultural commodities is inelastic so that, as incomes in society as a whole increase, those of farmers do not necessarily keep pace — hence the current problems with falling real farm incomes. In contrast the demand for services is relatively elastic. Thus it is logical to divert agricultural resources into service provision. One such service is provided by equine enterprises. We have estimated the own price and income elasticities of demand for selected agricultural commodities and for ‘equine services’. Our results confirm that demand for equine services is more elastic than for agricultural commodities. Thus diversification into horse enterprises is likely to have long term benefits for farmers vis á vis traditional agricultural production.
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Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0308-521x ISBN Medium
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5713
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Author (up) Baker, K.C.; Seres, E.; Aureli, F.; De Waal, F.B.
Title Injury risks among chimpanzees in three housing conditions Type Journal Article
Year 2000 Publication American journal of primatology Abbreviated Journal Am. J. Primatol.
Volume 51 Issue 3 Pages 161-175
Keywords Aggression; *Animal Welfare; Animals; Female; *Housing, Animal; Male; *Pan troglodytes; Risk Assessment; Wounds and Injuries/*veterinary
Abstract Meeting the psychological needs of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) can be a challenge given their aggressiveness on the one hand and the complexity of their social lives on the other. It is unclear how to balance the need to provide opportunities for species-appropriate behavior against potential risks of injury chimpanzees may inflict on each other. This study evaluates the suggestion that simpler social environments protect chimpanzees from wounding. Over a two-year period all visible injuries to 46 adult males, 64 adult females, and 25 immature chimpanzees were recorded at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center. Approximately half of the subjects were mother-reared, and the rest were nursery-reared. Housing included compounds containing about 20 chimpanzees, interconnected indoor-outdoor runs for groups of up to 12 individuals, and smaller indoor-outdoor runs for pairs and trios. Annual wounding rates were calculated for serious wounds (extensive injuries and all those requiring veterinary intervention) as well as for minor wounds. Compound-housed chimpanzees incurred the highest level of minor wounding, but serious wounding levels were not affected by housing condition. Even with a period of dominance instability and elevated levels of wounding in one compound, compound chimpanzees were not injured more than those in smaller social groups over the long term. Nursery-reared females in moderate-sized groups were wounded more than mother-reared females. Also, nursery-reared males and females were wounded less often when paired with mother-reared companions. Overall, this study indicates that maintaining chimpanzees in pairs and trios would not be an effective means for reducing injuries. The management of wounding in chimpanzee colonies is influenced more by the sex and rearing composition of a colony.
Address Living Links Center, Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA. kateb@rmy.emory.edu
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ISSN 0275-2565 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:10902665 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 188
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Author (up) Baker, P.J.; Funk, S.M.; Harris, S.; White, P.C.L.
Title Flexible spatial organization of urban foxes, Vulpes vulpes, before and during an outbreak of sarcoptic mange Type Journal Article
Year 2000 Publication Animal Behaviour Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.
Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 127-146
Keywords
Abstract The social and spatial organization of urban fox groups prior to and during an outbreak of sarcoptic mange was compared with predictions derived from the resource dispersion hypothesis (RDH). We investigated the availability of three key resources. Neither daytime rest sites nor breeding sites appeared to be limited in availability. The availability of food deliberately supplied by local householders was examined by questionnaire surveys. The daily and weekly amount of food supplied was greatly in excess of the minimum requirements of a pair of foxes, but was consistent between territories. The availability of this food source increased markedly as a result of more people feeding the foxes. In agreement with the RDH, group size prior to the outbreak of mange increased from 2.25 animals (N=4) to 6.57 animals (N=7). Before the outbreak of mange, two territories were divided. Increased scavenge availability on smaller territories may have promoted these changes. Excluding these spatial changes, territories were very stable between years. After the outbreak of mange, group size declined as a direct result of mange-induced mortality. Surviving animals increased their ranges only after neighbouring groups had died out. Ranges did not increase in size in response to a decline in food availability. Nor were the increases in range size associated with the relinquishment of parts of the existing territory. These postmange changes are contrary to the RDH. Three factors may have promoted these changes: the elimination of interstitial space, the forced dispersal of young or future division of the territory.
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Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN 0003-3472 ISBN Medium
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6431
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Author (up) Beauchamp, G.
Title Individual Differences In Activity And Exploration Influence Leadership In Pairs Of Foraging Zebra Finches Type Journal Article
Year 2000 Publication Behaviour Abbreviated Journal Behaviour
Volume 137 Issue Pages 301-314
Keywords
Abstract This study investigated the role of dominance and level of activity and exploration on leadership in zebra finches (Taenopygia guttata) searching for food. In pairs of zebra finches fairly matched in size and that experienced the same level of food deprivation, the same bird consistently reached first one foraging patch over several trials. The same pattern of arrival to food occurred when resources were provided in two distant patches available concurrently, a situation that would potentially allow subordinates a greater access to resources. In further testing, the formation of new pairs with the same birds led to several changes in leadership, indicating that leadership is not an absolute feature. The member of a pair that proved to be the most active and exploratory during independent, solitary trials became the leader in nearly all pairs tested. The same pattern held true in newly rearranged pairs where individuals often experienced changes in dominance status. Dominance failed to be associated with leadership in all tests. The results suggest that in a relatively egalitarian species, level of activity and exploration may be a stronger predictor of leadership than dominance.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4698
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Author (up) Bickerton, D.
Title Resolving Discontinuity: A Minimalist Distinction between Human and Non-human Minds Type Journal Article
Year 2000 Publication Integr. Comp. Biol. Abbreviated Journal
Volume 40 Issue 6 Pages 862-873
Keywords
Abstract Our genotype is so similar to those of the African apes, and our last common ancestor with them so recent, that it seems impossible that human and non-human cognition should differ qualitatively. But the outputs of human cognition are unique in their limitless creativity and adaptability. Exaption resolves the apparent paradox. Assume that the power to create symbols emerges from stimulus-stimulus linkages and is latent in many animals, and that the structural side of language emerges from the argument structures inherent in the social calculus associated with reciprocal altruism. These adaptations confer the potential for language. However, creating complex messages requires uniquely long-lasting coherence of neural signals, which depends in turn on the large quantities of neurons unique to Homo. The only difference between human and non-human minds is that we can sustain longer and more complex trains of thought. All else (emotions, rational processes, even consciousness) could be exactly the same.
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Notes 10.1093/icb/40.6.862 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2966
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