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MacFadden, B.J.; Solounias, N.; Cerling, T.E. |
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Title |
Ancient diets, ecology, and extinction of 5-million-year-Old horses from florida |
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Year |
1999 |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
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Volume |
283 |
Issue |
5403 |
Pages |
824-827 |
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Abstract |
Six sympatric species of 5-million-year-old (late Hemphillian) horses from Florida existed during a time of major global change and extinction in terrestrial ecosystems. Traditionally, these horses were interpreted to have fed on abrasive grasses because of their high-crowned teeth. However, carbon isotopic and tooth microwear data indicate that these horses were not all C4 grazers but also included mixed feeders and C3 browsers. The late Hemphillian Florida sister species of the modern genus Equus was principally a browser, unlike the grazing diet of modern equids. Late Hemphillian horse extinctions in Florida involved two grazing and one browsing species. |
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Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. Department of Anatomy, New York College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA. Department of Geology |
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1095-9203 |
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PMID:9933161 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2652 |
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Author |
Crystal, J.D. |
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Title |
Systematic nonlinearities in the perception of temporal intervals |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1999 |
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Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
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25 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
3-17 |
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Animals; *Attention; Awareness; Discrimination Learning; Male; Neural Networks (Computer); *Nonlinear Dynamics; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sensory Thresholds; *Time Perception |
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Rats judged time intervals in a choice procedure in which accuracy was maintained at approximately 75% correct. Sensitivity to time (d') was approximately constant for short durations 2.0-32.0 s with 1.0- or 2.0-s spacing between intervals (n = 5 in each group, Experiment 1), 2.0-50.0 s with 2.0-s spacing (n = 2, Experiment 1), and 0.1-2.0 s with 0.1- or 0.2-s spacing (n = 6 in each group, Experiment 2). However, systematic departures from average sensitivity were observed, with local maxima in sensitivity at approximately 0.3, 1.2, 10.0, 24.0, and 36.0 s. Such systematic departures from an approximately constant d' are predicted by a connectionist theory of time with multiple oscillators and may require a modification of the linear timing hypothesis of scalar timing theory. |
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Department of Psychology, Brown University, USA. jdcrys@facstaff.wm.edu |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:9987854 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2776 |
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Author |
Healy, S.D.; Braham, S.R.; Braithwaite, V.A. |
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Title |
Spatial working memory in rats: no differences between the sexes |
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Year |
1999 |
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Proceedings. Biological Sciences / The Royal Society |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc Biol Sci |
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266 |
Issue |
1435 |
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2303-2308 |
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Animals; Estrus/metabolism; Female; Male; Memory/*physiology; Rats; Sex Factors; Swimming |
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In a number of mammalian species, males appear to have superior spatial abilities to females. The favoured explanations for this cognitive difference are hormonal, with higher testosterone levels in males than females leading to better spatial performance, and evolutionary, where sexual selection has favoured males with increased spatial abilities for either better navigational skills in hunting or to enable an increased territory size. However, an alternative explanation for this sex difference focuses on the role of varying levels of oestrogen in females in spatial cognition (the 'fertility and parental care' hypothesis). One possibility is that varying oestrogen levels result in variation in spatial learning and memory so that, when tested across the oestrous cycle, females perform as well as males on days of low oestrogen but more poorly on days of high oestrogen. If day in the oestrous cycle is not taken into account then, across an experiment, any sex differences found would always produce male superiority. We used a spatial working memory task in a Morris water maze to test the spatial learning and memory abilities of male and female rats. The rats were tested across a number of consecutive days during which the females went through four oestrous cycles. We found no overall sex differences in latencies to reach a submerged platform in a Morris water maze but, on the day of oestrus (low oestrogen), females took an extra swim to learn the platform's location (a 100% increase over the other days in the cycle). Female swim speed also varied across the oestrous cycle but females were no less active on the day of oestrus. These results oppose the predictions of the fertility and parental care hypothesis. |
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Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, UK. s.healey@ed.ac.uk |
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0962-8452 |
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PMID:10629980 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2818 |
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Author |
Cowell, P.E.; Fitch, R.H.; Denenberg, V.H. |
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Title |
Laterality in animals: relevance to schizophrenia |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1999 |
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Schizophrenia Bulletin |
Abbreviated Journal |
Schizophr Bull |
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25 |
Issue |
1 |
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41-62 |
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Adult; Animals; Cognition; *Disease Models, Animal; Functional Laterality/*physiology; Humans; Language; Motor Activity/physiology; Schizophrenia/*physiopathology |
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Anomalies in the laterality of numerous neurocognitive dimensions associated with schizophrenia have been documented, but their role in the etiology and early development of the disorder remain unclear. In the study of normative neurobehavioral organization, animal models have shed much light on the mechanisms underlying and the factors affecting adult patterns of both functional and structural asymmetry. Nonhuman species have more recently been used to investigate the environmental, genetic, and neuroendocrine factors associated with developmental language disorders in humans. We propose that the animal models used to study the basis of lateralization in normative development and language disorders such as dyslexia could be modified to investigate lateralized phenomena in schizophrenia. |
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Dept. of Human Communication Sciences, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom |
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0586-7614 |
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PMID:10098913 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2827 |
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Author |
Silk, J.B. |
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Title |
Male bonnet macaques use information about third-party rank relationships to recruit allies |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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Volume |
58 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
45-51 |
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Social challenges may have driven the evolution of intelligence in primates and other taxa. In primates, the social intelligence hypothesis is supported by evidence that primates know a lot about their own relationships to others and also know something about the nature of relationships among other individuals (third-party relationships). Knowledge of third-party relationships is likely to play an especially important role in coalitions, which occur when one individual intervenes in an ongoing dispute involving other group members, by helping individuals to predict who will support or intervene against them when they are fighting with particular opponents, and to assess which potential allies are likely to be effective in coalitions against their opponents. To date, however, there is no evidence that primates make use of knowledge of third-party relationships when they form coalitions. Here, I show that male bonnet macaques, Macaca radiata , use information about third-party rank relationships when they recruit support from other males. Males consistently chose allies that outranked themselves and their opponents, and made such choices considerably more often than would be expected by chance alone. The analysis shows that the data do not fit simpler explanations based upon males' knowledge of their own relationships to other males or males' ability to recognize powerful allies. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2870 |
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Author |
Swanson, J.C. |
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Title |
What are animal science departments doing to address contemporary issues? |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1999 |
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Journal of Animal Science |
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J. Anim Sci. |
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77 |
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2 |
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354-360 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2937 |
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Daly, M.; Wilson, M.I. |
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Human evolutionary psychology and animal behaviour |
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1999 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
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Anim. Behav. |
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57 |
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3 |
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509-519 |
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Homo sapiensis increasingly being studied within the evolutionary (adaptationist, selectionist) framework favoured by animal behaviour researchers. There are various labels for such work, including evolutionary psychology, human behavioural ecology and human sociobiology. Collectively, we call these areas `human evolutionary psychology' (HEP) because their shared objective is an evolutionary understanding of human information processing and decision making. Sexual selection and sex differences have been especially prominent in recent HEP research, but many other topics have been addressed, including parent-offspring relations, reciprocity and exploitation, foraging strategies and spatial cognition. Many HEP researchers began their scientific careers in animal behaviour, and in many ways, HEP research is scarcely distinguishable from other animal behaviour research. Currently controversial issues in HEP, such as the explanation(s) for observed levels of heritable diversity, the kinds of data needed to test adaptationist hypotheses, and the characterization of a species-typical `environment of evolutionary adaptedness', are issues in animal behaviour as well. What gives HEP a distinct methodological flavour is that the research animal can talk, an ability that has both advantages and pitfalls for researchers. The proper use of self-reports and other verbal data in HEP might usefully become a subject of future research in its own right. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2909 |
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Pinker, S. |
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Title |
COGNITION:Enhanced: Out of the Minds of Babes |
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1999 |
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Science |
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Science |
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283 |
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5398 |
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40-41 |
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10.1126/science.283.5398.40 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2956 |
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Boysen, S.T.; Himes, G.T. |
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Current Issues And Emerging Theories In Animal Cognition |
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1999 |
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Annual Review of Psychology |
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50 |
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1 |
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683-705 |
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Comparative cognition is an emerging interdisciplinary field with contributions from comparative psychology, cognitive/experimental and developmental psychology, animal learning, and ethology, and is poised to move toward greater understanding of animal and human information-processing, reasoning, memory, and the phylogenetic emergence of mind. This chapter highlights some current issues and discusses four areas within comparative cognition that are yielding new approaches and hypotheses for studying basic conceptual capacities in nonhuman species. These include studies of imitation, tool use, mirror self-recognition, and the potential for attribution of mental states by nonhuman animals. Though a very old question in psychology, the study of imitation continues to provide new avenues for examining the complex relationships among and between the levels of imitative behaviors exhibited by many species. Similarly, recent work in animal tool use, mirror self-recognition (with all its contentious issues), and recent attempts to empirically study the potential for attributional capacities in nonhumans, all continue to provide fresh insights and novel paradigms for addressing the defining characteristics of these complex phenomena. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Boysen1999 |
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2973 |
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Author |
Hauser MD; Kralik J; Botto-Mahan C |
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Problem solving and functional design features: experiments on cotton-top tamarins, Saguinus oedipus oedipus |
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1999 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
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Anim. Behav. |
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57 |
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565 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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