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| Author |
Spinozzi, G.; Natale, F.; Langer, J.; Brakke, K.E. |
| Title |
Spontaneous class grouping behavior by bonobos (Pan paniscus) and common chimpanzees (P. troglodytes) |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume |
2 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
157-170 |
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| Abstract |
Two experiments investigated spontaneous class grouping behavior by human-enculturated and language-reared bonobos (Pan paniscus) and common chimpanzees (P. troglodytes). In experiment 1, three chimpanzees ranging in age from 6 to 18 years were presented with six objects. The objects embodied three conditions: additive, multiplicative and disjoint classes. All chimpanzees spontaneously produced single- and two-category classifying. In experiment 2, six chimpanzees ranging in age from 6 to 21 years were presented with 12 objects in the same class conditions. Chimpanzees mainly produced single-category classifying. Their two-category classifying was more rudimentary than that found in experiment 1. Chimpanzees did not produce any three-category classifying which would be necessary to construct the hierarchies that humans begin to construct during early childhood. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3356 |
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| Author |
Werner, C. W.; Rehkämper, G. |
| Title |
Discrimination of multidimensional geometrical figures by chickens: categorization and pattern-learning |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume |
2 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
27-40 |
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Domestic chicken – Integral compound – figures – Multidimensional stimulus discrimination |
| Abstract |
Japanese bantam hens were trained to discriminate between geometrical figures varying along four integral dimensions. Only one dimension predicted food: selections of sharp-cornered figures were reinforced, while selections of rounded figures were not. In experiment 1, hens were subsequently trained to discriminate between nine figure pairs in a simultaneous discrimination task. Because single pairs contained multiple redundant cues, whereas the relevant dimension was obvious only across stimulus pairs, the results revealed effects of both generalization and reversal learning. Accordingly, learning speed was enhanced for later discriminations. Experiment 2 tested the hens“ transfer performance to unknown pairs, following experience of 9 or 18 figure pairs. Four of seven hens showed reliable transfer after experience with 9 figures, but only three showed transfer after experience with 18 figures, indicating lower transfer with higher number of stimulus pairs learned. In experiment 3, hens were trained to discriminate 27 figure pairs. Discrimination ratios further decreased and the groups of pairs differed significantly in their ratios of discrimination. Individual hens” pecking behaviour was analysed in relation to each dimension of single figures and in relation to relative differences in the levels of dimensions between paired figures. Hens were shown to be oriented towards irrelevant information and more towards relational and configurational than elemental and dimensional aspects. The results are discussed in the biological context of individual recognition in chickens" dominance hierarchies, in which we suppose that chickens identify individual flock mates by representation of their visual pattern rather than by single characteristics. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3359 |
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Langen, T.A. |
| Title |
How western scrub-jays (Aphelocoma californica) select a nut: effects of the number of options, variation in nut size, and social competition among foragers |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume |
2 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
223-233 |
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Western scrub-jays (Aphelocoma californica) often visually assess and handle several whole (unshelled) peanuts before selecting one to transport and cache; this behavior is a search for a preferred heavy nut. I repeatedly video-taped individually identifiable jays as they landed on a feeding platform and chose from presentations of peanuts that varied in the number of items or in the distribution of sizes. I examined how differences among these presentations and a bird's social status affected the amount of assessment and the economic consequences of choice. I also examined the specific patterns of handling peanuts, called sampling, to quantify the degree to which sampling sequences were typified by repeated comparisons among sampled peanuts (retrospective sampling), or sequential assessment and rejection of peanuts (prospective sampling). Peanut assessment was more extensive and prospective when there were many options from which to choose than when there were few. Peanut assessment was more extensive and retrospective when options were similar in size than when they varied. Scrub-jays were more likely to make repeated comparisons immediately before selecting a peanut than elsewhere in a sampling sequence. Subordinate scrub-jays, who were at the greatest risk of pre-emption by competitors, assessed peanuts less extensively and were more prospective in their sampling than dominants. Unless peanuts were very similar in size, jays were more accurate at selecting a high-quality peanut and achieved a higher rate of food storage than if they had not assessed. These results show that scrub-jays can adaptively modify how they search to improve their rate of food storage, and also suggest some of the specific search tactics used by jays when assessing peanuts. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3387 |
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Weed M.R.; Taffe M.A.; Polis I.; Roberts A.C.; Robbins T.W.; Koob G.F.; Bloom F.E.; Gold L.H. |
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Performance norms for a rhesus monkey neuropsychological testing battery: acquisition and long-term performance |
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| Year |
1999 |
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Cognitive Brain Research |
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8 |
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185-201 |
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3459 |
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Griffiths D.; Dickinson A.; Clayton N. |
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Episodic memory: what can animals remember about their past? |
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1999 |
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Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
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Trends. Cognit. Sci. |
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3 |
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74-80 |
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3460 |
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Vallortigara G.; Regolin L.; Pagni P. |
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Detour behaviour, imprinting and visual lateralization in the domestic chick |
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1999 |
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Cognitive Brain Research |
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7 |
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307-320 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3461 |
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Thomas R. Zentall |
| Title |
Animal Cognition: The Bridge BetweenAnimal Learning and Human Cognition |
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1999 |
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Psychological Science |
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10 |
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206-208 |
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3481 |
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Mullin, M.H. |
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MIRRORS AND WINDOWS: Sociocultural Studies of Human-Animal Relationships |
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1999 |
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Annual Review of Anthropology |
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28 |
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1 |
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201-224 |
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Humans' relationships with animals, increasingly the subject of controversy, have long been of interest to those whose primary aim has been the better understanding of humans' relationships with other humans. Since this topic was last reviewed here, human-animal relationships have undergone considerable reexamination, reflecting key trends in the history of social analysis, including concerns with connections between anthropology and colonialism and with the construction of race, class, and gender identities. There have been many attempts to integrate structuralist or symbolic approaches with those focused on environmental, political, and economic dimensions. Human-animal relationships are now much more likely to be considered in dynamic terms, and consequently, there has been much interdisciplinary exchange between anthropologists and historians. Some research directly engages moral and political concerns about animals, but it is likely that sociocultural research on human-animal relationships will continue to be as much, if not more, about humans. |
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3534 |
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Hanggi, E.B. |
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Interocular transfer of learning In horses (Equus caballus) |
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1999 |
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Journal of Equine Veterinary Science |
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J Equine Vet Sci |
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19 |
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8 |
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518-524 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3564 |
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| Author |
Timney, B.; Keil, K. |
| Title |
Local and global stereopsis in the horse |
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Journal Article |
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1999 |
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Vision Research |
Abbreviated Journal |
Vision Res |
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39 |
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10 |
Pages |
1861-1867 |
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Animals; Depth Perception/*physiology; Female; Horses/*physiology; Pattern Recognition, Visual/physiology; Psychophysics; Sensory Thresholds/physiology; Vision, Binocular/physiology; Vision, Monocular/physiology |
| Abstract |
Although horses have laterally-placed eyes, there is substantial binocular overlap, allowing for the possibility that these animals have stereopsis. In the first experiment of the present study we measured local stereopsis by obtaining monocular and binocular depth thresholds for renal depth stimuli. On all measures, the horses' binocular performance was superior to their monocular. When depth thresholds were obtained, binocular thresholds were several times superior to those obtained monocularly, suggesting that the animals could use stereoscopic information when it was available. The binocular thresholds averaged about 15 min arc. In the second experiment we obtained evidence for the presence of global stereopsis by testing the animals' ability to discriminate between random-dot stereograms with and without consistent disparity information. When presented with such stimuli they showed a strong preference for the cyclopean equivalent of the positive stimulus with the real depth. These results provide the first behavioral demonstration of a full range of stereoscopic skills in a lateral-eyed mammal. |
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Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Science, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada. timney@julian.uwo.ca |
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0042-6989 |
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PMID:10343877 |
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yes |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3580 |
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