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Author | Harman, A.M.; Moore, S.; Hoskins, R.; Keller, P. | ||||
Title | Horse vision and an explanation for the visual behaviour originally explained by the 'ramp retina' | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1999 | Publication | Equine veterinary journal | Abbreviated Journal | Equine Vet J |
Volume | 31 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 384-390 |
Keywords | Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cell Count; Eye/*anatomy & histology; Ganglia, Sensory/cytology; Horses/*physiology; Refractive Errors/veterinary; Retina/cytology/*physiology; Vision/*physiology; Visual Acuity; Visual Fields | ||||
Abstract | Here we provide confirmation that the 'ramp retina' of the horse, once thought to result in head rotating visual behaviour, does not exist. We found a 9% variation in axial length of the eye between the streak region and the dorsal periphery. However, the difference was in the opposite direction to that proposed for the 'ramp retina'. Furthermore, acuity in the narrow, intense visual streak in the inferior retina is 16.5 cycles per degree compared with 2.7 cycles per degree in the periphery. Therefore, it is improbable that the horse rotates its head to focus onto the peripheral retina. Rather, the horse rotates the nose up high to observe distant objects because binocular overlap is oriented down the nose, with a blind area directly in front of the forehead. | ||||
Address | Department of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0425-1644 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:10505953 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 836 | ||
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Author | Koba, Y.; Tanida, H. | ||||
Title | How do miniature pigs discriminate between people? The effect of exchanging cues between a non-handler and their familiar handler on discrimination | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1999 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume | 61 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 239-252 |
Keywords | Pigs; Handling; Learning; Human-animal relationships | ||||
Abstract | Behavioural tests using operant conditioning were conducted to examine how miniature pigs discriminate between people. During a 3-week handling period, six 8-week-old pigs were touched and fed raisins as a reward whenever they approached their handler. In subsequent training, the handler and a non-handler wearing dark blue and white coveralls, respectively, and wearing different eau de toilette fragrances sat at each end of a Y-maze. Pigs were rewarded with raisins when they chose the handler. Successful discrimination occurred when the pig chose the handler at least 15 times in 20 trials (P<0.05: by χ2 test). When all pigs exhibited successful discrimination under these standard conditions, they were exposed to Experiments 1 through 4. In Experiment 1, (1) handler and non-handler exchanged colours of coveralls; (2) handler and non-handler exchanged eau de toilette; (3) handler and non-handler exchanged both cues. The non-handler was chosen significantly more often following the exchange of coverall colours and the exchange of both coverall colours and eau de toilette. However, the handler was chosen significantly more frequently following exchange of eau de toilette only. In Experiment 2, when both handler and non-handler wore coveralls of the handler's original colour, the pigs had difficulty discriminating between them. In Experiment 3, both handler and non-handler wore coveralls of new colours. The pigs easily chose the handler wearing red or blue vs. white coveralls. In Experiment 4, (1) two novel people wore coveralls of the original colours of handler and non-handler; (2) the test with the original experimenters was conducted under the original conditions but in a novel place. Between novel people, the one wearing the handler's original colour of coveralls was preferentially chosen by the pigs. The pigs had difficulty discriminating the handler from the non-handler in a novel place. Pigs appear to discriminate between a familiar handler and a non-familiar person based primarily on visual cues, prominent of which is colour of clothing. | ||||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 840 | ||
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Author | Macuda, T.; Timney, B. | ||||
Title | Luminance and chromatic discrimination in the horse (Equus caballus) | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1999 | Publication | Behavioural Processes | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Process. |
Volume | 44 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 301-307 |
Keywords | Colour vision; Chromatic discrimination; Luminance discrimination; Horse | ||||
Abstract | Equine colour vision was measured under conditions that minimised the possibility of animals using brightness cues to make chromatic discriminations. In a two-stage study, we first obtained luminance discrimination functions for achromatic targets then tested for chromatic discrimination over a range of target luminances. Horses were trained on a two-choice discrimination task. The positive stimulus was varied in luminance and/or colour using neutral density and broad band colour filters. The negative stimulus appeared as a uniform grey. In the brightness discrimination task, the horses performed well at large luminance differences but their percentage of correct responses declined to near chance levels at differences of less than 0.2 log units. In addition, a decrement in performance was noted at luminance differences of less than 0.2 log units for green and yellow chromatic discrimination functions, suggesting that horses cannot easily discriminate yellow and green from grey. However, the chromatic discrimination functions for red and blue showed that animals performed very well across the full range of target luminances. These results suggest that horses are at least dichromats. | ||||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 844 | ||
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Author | Smith, S.; Goldman, L. | ||||
Title | Color discrimination in horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1999 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume | 62 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 13-25 |
Keywords | Horses; Vision; Color; Discrimination; Behavior | ||||
Abstract | Four Arabian horses and one Thoroughbred were presented with a series of two-choice color vs. gray discrimination problems. Testing was done in a stall containing a wall with two translucent panels that were illuminated from behind by light projected through color or gray filters to provide the discriminative stimuli. Horses first learned to push one of the panels in order to receive the food reward behind the positive stimulus in an achromatic light-dark discrimination task, and were then tested on their ability to discriminate between gray and four individual colors: red (617 nm), yellow (581 nm), green (538 nm), and blue (470 nm). The criterion for learning was set at 85% correct responses, and final testing for all color vs. gray discriminations involved grays of varying intensities, making brightness an irrelevant cue. Three subjects were tested with all four colors. Two of those subjects successfully reached the criterion for learning on all four color vs. gray discriminations, while the third reached criterion with red and blue, but performed at chance levels for yellow and green. A fourth horse was only tested with green and yellow, and a fifth only with blue, and both of those horses successfully reached criterion on the discriminations they attempted. With the exception of the one subject's poor performance with yellow and green, there was no significant difference between horses on any of the discrimination tasks, and no significant difference in their performance with different colors. The results suggest that horses have color vision that is at least dichromatic, although partial color-blindness may occur in some individuals. | ||||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 850 | ||
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Author | C. K. Hemelrijk, | ||||
Title | An individual-orientated model of the emergence of despotic and egalitarian societies | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1999 | Publication | Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. |
Volume | 266 | Issue | 1417 | Pages | 361-361 |
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Abstract | Single behavioural differences between egalitarian and despotic animal societies are often assumed to reflect specific adaptations. However, in the present paper, I will show in an individual-orientated model, how many behavioural traits of egalitarian and despotic virtual societies arise as emergent characteristics. The artificial entities live in a homogeneous world and only aggregate, and upon meeting one another and may perform dominance interactions in which the effects of winning and losing are self-reinforcing. The behaviour of these entities is studied in a similar way to that of real animals. It will be shown that by varying the intensity of aggression only, one may switch from egalitarian to despotic virtual societies. Differences between the two types of society appear to correspond closely to those between despotic and egalitarian macaque species in the real world. In addition, artificial despotic societies show a clearer spatial centrality of dominants and, counter-intuitively, more rank overlap between the sexes than the egalitarian ones. Because of the correspondence with patterns in real animals, the model makes it worthwhile comparing despotic and egalitarian species for socio-spatial structure and rank overlap too. Furthermore, it presents us with parsimonious hypotheses which can be tested in real animals for patterns of aggression, spatial structure and the distribution of social positive and sexual behaviour. | ||||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 862 | ||
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Author | Hsu, Y.; Wolf, L.L. | ||||
Title | The winner and loser effect: integrating multiple experiences | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1999 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
Volume | 57 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 903-910 |
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Abstract | An important question in state-dependent behaviour is how multiple influences on state are integrated to determine current behaviour. Aggressive behaviour is known to be affected by a prior contest experience. Nevertheless, whether and how multiple prior fighting experiences are integrated into a fighting decision remain unexplored. In this study, individuals ofRivulus marmoratus(Cyprinodontidae), a hermaphroditic fish, were given different combinations of two prior fighting experiences to investigate: (1) the effect of penultimate experiences on the probability of winning a subsequent contest; (2) the relative effect of a recent win and loss; and (3) whether the effect of a winning experience was as short lived as observed in other species. Penultimate and recent fighting experiences were given to the test fish approximately 48 and 24 h prior to the dyadic contests, respectively. From the results of the five types of contests staged, we conclude that: (1) penultimate fighting experiences had a significant effect on the probability of winning a subsequent contest; (2) a more recent experience had a more pronounced effect than an earlier experience, which suggested that the effect of a fighting experience would decay and/or the effect of a recent experience would interfere with the effect of an earlier experience; (3) no asymmetric effect between a winning experience and a losing experience was detected; and (4) the effect of both a winning and a losing experience lasted for at least 48 h inR. marmoratuswhich was the maximum time tested in these experiments. The possible reasons for the differences in results among studies of experience effects on contest outcomes are discussed. | ||||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 865 | ||
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Author | Bonabeau, E.; Theraulaz, G.; Deneubourg, J-L. | ||||
Title | Dominance orders in animal societies: the selforganization | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1999 | Publication | Bulletin of Mathematical Biology | Abbreviated Journal | Bull Math Biol |
Volume | 61 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 727-757 |
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Abstract | In previous papers (Theraulaz et al. 1995, Bonabeau et al. 1996) we suggested, following Hogeweg and Hesper (1983, 1985), that the formation of dominance orders in animal societies could result from a selforganizing process involving a double reinforcement mechanism: winners reinforce their probability of winning and losers reinforce their probability of losing. This assumption, and subsequent models, were based on empirical data on primitively eusocial wasps (Polistes dominulus). By... | ||||
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Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2172 | ||
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Author | Barry, K.J.; Crowell-Davis, S.L. | ||||
Title | Gender differences in the social behavior of the neutered indoor-only domestic cat | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1999 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume | 64 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 193-211 |
Keywords | Sex differences; Spatial distribution; Cat; Social; Aggression; Affiliation; Felis catus | ||||
Abstract | The domestic cat exhibits a wide variety of social behavior. The aim of this experiment was to investigate factors which influence the affiliative and aggressive behavior of the indoor-only neutered domestic cat. Some 60 households comprised of either two males, two females or a male and female cat were observed. The cats were between 6 months and 8 years old, and were always restricted to the indoors. Each pair of housemates was observed for 10 h. There were no significant differences in affiliative or aggressive behavior based on cat gender. However, females were never observed to allorub other females. The male/male households did spend more time in close proximity. The amount of time the cats had lived together was negatively correlated with the amount of aggression observed during the study. Factors such as size of the house and weight difference between the cats did not correlate with the aggression rate. Large standard deviations and the correlations of social behavior between housemates indicated the importance of individual differences in behavior. | ||||
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Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2267 | ||
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Author | Farmer-Dougan, V.; Dougan, J. | ||||
Title | The Man Who Listens To Behavior: Folk Wisdom And Behavior Analysis From A Real Horse Whisperer | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1999 | Publication | JOURNAL OF THE EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF BEHAVIOR | Abbreviated Journal | J Exp Anal Behav |
Volume | 72 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 139-149 |
Keywords | positive reinforcement, aversive control, learned helplessness, language, biological constraints, | ||||
Abstract | The popular novel and movie The Horse Whisperer are based on the work of several real-life horse whisperers, the most famous of whom is Monty Roberts. Over the last 50 years, Roberts has developed a technique for training horses that is both more effective and less aversive than traditional training techniques. An analysis of Roberts` methods (as described in his book, The Man Who Listens to Horses) indicates a deep understanding of behavioral principles including positive reinforcement, timeout, species-specific defense reactions, learned helplessness, and the behavioral analysis of language. Roberts developed his theory and techniques on the basis of personal experience and folk wisdom, and not as the result of formal training in behavior analysis. Behavior analysts can clearly learn from such insightful yet behaviorally incorrect practitioners, just as such practitioners can benefit from the objective science of behavior analysts. |
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ISSN | 0022-5002 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:16812908 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 1829 | ||
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Author | Slagsvold, T.; Viljugrein, H. | ||||
Title | Mate choice copying versus preference for actively displaying males by female pied flycatchers | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1999 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
Volume | 57 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 679-686 |
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Call Number | Serial | 1810 | |||
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