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Author Fishman, M.A.
Title Predator Inspection: Closer Approach as a Way to Improve Assessment of Potential Threats Type Journal Article
Year 1999 Publication (up) Journal of Theoretical Biology Abbreviated Journal J. Theor. Biol.
Volume 196 Issue 2 Pages 225-235
Keywords
Abstract When detecting a predator, some prey animals respond in a counterintuitive fashion by approaching, rather than fleeing, that potential threat of extinction. This seemingly paradoxical behaviour, known aspredator inspection, has been reported for a wide variety of taxa--and therefore can be assumed to be adaptive. However, the view of predator inspection as a paradoxical behaviour rests on two implicit assumptions: (a) initial predator detecting is unambiguous, with no uncertainty in discriminating between hunting and non hunting members of predator species, or members of predator species and unrelated phenomena; (b) the costs of flight are negligible relative to the risk of predation. Upon reflection assumption (a) is not really tenable. Whereas assumption (b) is not consistent with experimental evidence [Godin & Crossman (1994)Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.34,359-366]. Given that predator detection is ambiguous and the costs of flight are not negligible, a prey individual may benefit by a closer approach to the source of the alarming signals, thus improving its assessment of the situation--despite the increased risk of predation. In this paper, the above statement is given rigor by reformulating the problem in game theoretical terms. The results indicate that a prey will minimize its costs by performing predator inspection whenever its degree of certainty regarding predator identification and/or assessment of its intentions is less than a threshold, which is determined by the model's parameters.
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Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 523
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Author M, E.; östl,.; Messmann, S.; Bagu, E.; Robia, C.; Palme, R.
Title Measurement of Glucocorticoid Metabolite Concentrations in Faeces of Domestic Livestock Type Journal Article
Year 1999 Publication (up) Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A Abbreviated Journal J. Vet. Med. A
Volume 46 Issue 10 Pages 621-631
Keywords
Abstract After 14C-labelled cortisol infusion in ponies and pigs, faecal samples were collected. Extraction of 0.5 g faeces with 5 ml 80–90 % methanol yielded the highest radioactivity in the supernatant. Most of the metabolites were ether soluble. After high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the presence of immunoreactive metabolites was demonstrated by measuring each HPLC fraction using enzyme immunoassays for cortisol, corticosterone and 11-oxoaetiocholanolone. Only the assay for 11-oxoaetiocholanolone revealed peaks with co-eluting radioactivity. For biological validation of the test system, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and dexamethasone were injected intravenously successively in both species (n = 6). Cortisol concentration in blood and the 11-oxoaetiocholanolone immunoreactive substances in faeces were determined. In horse faeces, basal values of 2.3–35.2 nmol/kg were measured. After ACTH administration, an increase (more than 200 % above basal values) of these metabolites was seen about 1 day after ACTH administration. After dexamethasone injection the levels decreased, reaching minimum concentrations 2 days after administration. In pigs, an increase in these metabolites was measured in only three animals after ACTH; dexamethasone did not cause a decrease. The stability of the samples after defecation was tested by storing samples from cows, horses and pigs at room temperature. It was shown that there was a significant increase in the concentration of measured cortisol metabolites in bovine, equine and porcine faeces after storage for 1 h, 4 h and 24 h, respectively. In frozen samples this effect was diminished after thawing samples at 40°C; thawing the samples at 95°C prevented an increase in immunoreactive substances.
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Publisher Blackwell Science, Ltd Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN 1439-0442 ISBN Medium
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6043
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Author Kolter, L.; Schach,C.; Weber, T.
Title Habitat use of feral and Przewalski's horses Type Journal Article
Year 1999 Publication (up) Natur- und Kulturlandschaft Abbreviated Journal
Volume 3 Issue 332-342 Pages
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2333
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Author Parr, L.A.; de Waal, F.B.
Title Visual kin recognition in chimpanzees Type
Year 1999 Publication (up) Nature Abbreviated Journal Nature
Volume 399 Issue 6737 Pages 647-648
Keywords Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Face; Female; Male; Pan troglodytes/*physiology
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Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0028-0836 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:10385114 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 195
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Author de Waal, F.B.
Title Cultural primatology comes of age Type Journal Article
Year 1999 Publication (up) Nature Abbreviated Journal Nature
Volume 399 Issue 6737 Pages 635-636
Keywords Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Culture; Humans; Pan troglodytes/*physiology
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Language English Summary Language Original Title
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Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0028-0836 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:10385107 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 196
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Author Whiten, A.; Goodall, J.; McGrew, W.C.; Nishida, T.; Reynolds, V.; Sugiyama, Y.; Tutin, C.E.; Wrangham, R.W.; Boesch, C.
Title Cultures in chimpanzees Type Journal Article
Year 1999 Publication (up) Nature Abbreviated Journal Nature
Volume 399 Issue 6737 Pages 682-685
Keywords Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Cognition; *Culture; Humans; Pan troglodytes/*physiology; Species Specificity
Abstract As an increasing number of field studies of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) have achieved long-term status across Africa, differences in the behavioural repertoires described have become apparent that suggest there is significant cultural variation. Here we present a systematic synthesis of this information from the seven most long-term studies, which together have accumulated 151 years of chimpanzee observation. This comprehensive analysis reveals patterns of variation that are far more extensive than have previously been documented for any animal species except humans. We find that 39 different behaviour patterns, including tool usage, grooming and courtship behaviours, are customary or habitual in some communities but are absent in others where ecological explanations have been discounted. Among mammalian and avian species, cultural variation has previously been identified only for single behaviour patterns, such as the local dialects of song-birds. The extensive, multiple variations now documented for chimpanzees are thus without parallel. Moreover, the combined repertoire of these behaviour patterns in each chimpanzee community is itself highly distinctive, a phenomenon characteristic of human cultures but previously unrecognised in non-human species.
Address Scottish Primate Research Group, School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, UK
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Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0028-0836 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:10385119 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 742
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Author Koolhaas, J.M.; Korte, S.M.; De Boer, S.F.; Van Der Vegt, B.J.; Van Reenen, C.G.; Hopster, H.; De Jong, I.C.; Ruis, M.A.W.; Blokhuis, H.J.
Title Coping styles in animals: current status in behavior and stress-physiology Type Journal Article
Year 1999 Publication (up) Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews Abbreviated Journal
Volume 23 Issue 7 Pages 925-935
Keywords Coping; Aggression; Stress; Disease; Corticosterone
Abstract This paper summarizes the current views on coping styles as a useful concept in understanding individual adaptive capacity and vulnerability to stress-related disease. Studies in feral populations indicate the existence of a proactive and a reactive coping style. These coping styles seem to play a role in the population ecology of the species. Despite domestication, genetic selection and inbreeding, the same coping styles can, to some extent, also be observed in laboratory and farm animals. Coping styles are characterized by consistent behavioral and neuroendocrine characteristics, some of which seem to be causally linked to each other. Evidence is accumulating that the two coping styles might explain a differential vulnerability to stress mediated disease due to the differential adaptive value of the two coping styles and the accompanying neuroendocrine differentiation.
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4416
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Author Rogers, C.W.; Davies, A.S.; Pfeiffer, D.U.; Davie, P.S.
Title Linear and temporal stride characteristics of 3-day event horses at a CCI*** 3-day event horse inspection Type Journal Article
Year 1999 Publication (up) New Zealand Veterinary Journal Abbreviated Journal N Z Vet J
Volume 47 Issue 6 Pages 193-197
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Abstract AIMS: To quantify the linear and temporal characteristics of the trot of 3-day event horses during the preliminary horse inspection of an advanced grade CCI* 3-day event. METHODS: A cross sectional study was made of the kinematics of 24 3-day-event horses during the first horse inspection at a CCI* level S-day event. Video footage was digitised and linear and temporal measurements were made. RESULTS: The horses trotted for an average of 10.44+/-1.55 strides. Spatial measurements were made on an average of 5.66+/-0.92 consecutive strides when the horses were within the calibration zone. The horses increased and then obtained a constant velocity within the calibration zone. Trotting on the asphalt track did not alter the relationships between stride length, stride duration and velocity when compared with previously published values. Horse-specific differences in stance and retraction percentages were identified. CONCLUSION: Horse specific differences were identified that may contribute to each horse's unique gait or kinematic fingerprint. It is proposed that the initiation of, and completion of, stance by the hind limb first may represent engagement of the hind quarters and be a response to dressage training.
Address Equine Research, New Zealand
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Language English Summary Language Original Title
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ISSN 0048-0169 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:16032102 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3714
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Author Grandin, T.
Title Safe handling of large animals Type Journal Article
Year 1999 Publication (up) Occupational Medicine (Philadelphia, Pa.) Abbreviated Journal Occup Med
Volume 14 Issue 2 Pages 195-212
Keywords Accidents, Occupational/*prevention & control/statistics & numerical data; Aggression/physiology/psychology; Animal Husbandry/*methods; Animals; *Behavior, Animal/physiology; Cattle; Conditioning, Operant/physiology; Crowding/psychology; Fear/physiology/psychology; Female; *Horses/physiology/psychology; Humans; Male; Movement/physiology; *Occupational Health; Risk Factors; *Ruminants/physiology/psychology
Abstract The major causes of accidents with cattle, horses, and other grazing animals are: panic due to fear, male dominance aggression, or the maternal aggression of a mother protecting her newborn. Danger is inherent when handling large animals. Understanding their behavior patterns improves safety, but working with animals will never be completely safe. Calm, quiet handling and non-slip flooring are beneficial. Rough handling and excessive use of electric prods increase chances of injury to both people and animals, because fearful animals may jump, kick, or rear. Training animals to voluntarily cooperate with veterinary procedures reduces stress and improves safety. Grazing animals have a herd instinct, and a lone, isolated animal can become agitated. Providing a companion animal helps keep an animal calm.
Address Department of Animal Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80526, USA
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ISSN 0885-114X ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:10329901 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3793
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Author Ruggieri, V.
Title The running horse stops: the hypothetical role of the eyes in imagery of movement Type Journal Article
Year 1999 Publication (up) Perceptual and motor skills Abbreviated Journal Percept Mot Skills
Volume 89 Issue 3 Pt 2 Pages 1088-1092
Keywords Adult; Cerebral Cortex/physiology; Eye Movements/*physiology; Female; Functional Laterality/physiology; Head/physiology; Humans; *Imagination; Models, Neurological; *Motion Perception; Movement/physiology; *Ocular Physiology; *Optical Illusions; Posture/physiology
Abstract To examine the hypothetical role of the eyes in visual mental imagery of movement 72 undergraduate women students in psychology were asked to imagine a running horse and then to produce the same mental image without moving the eyes and the head. In 59% of the subjects interesting modifications of the imagined movement appeared: 37% observed an inhibition of the movement and 19% an evident slowing up of the moving figure. The interpretation of this result was made by hypothesizing that the eyes are concretely involved in visual imagery processes.
Address University of Rome La Sapienza
Corporate Author Thesis
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Language English Summary Language Original Title
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ISSN 0031-5125 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:10710755 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 94
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