| Records |
| Author |
Choleris, E.; Kavaliers, M. |
| Title |
Social Learning in Animals: Sex Differences and Neurobiological Analysis |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1999 |
Publication  |
Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior |
Abbreviated Journal |
Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. |
| Volume |
64 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
767-776 |
| Keywords |
Observational learning; Social learning; Individual learning; Imitation; Social constraints; Social facilitation; male-female differences; Gender differences |
| Abstract |
Social learning where an “individual's behavior is influenced by observation of, or interaction with, another animal or its products” has been extensively documented in a broad variety of species, including humans. Social learning occurs within the complex framework of an animal's social interactions that are markedly affected by factors such as dominance hierarchies, family bonds, age, and sex of the interacting individuals. Moreover, it is clear that social learning is influenced not only by important sexually dimorphic social constraints but also that it involves attention, motivational, and perceptual mechanisms, all of which exhibit substantial male-female differences. Although sex differences have been demonstrated in a wide range of cognitive and behavioral processes, investigations of male-female differences in social learning and its neurobiological substrates have been largely neglected. As such, sex differences in social learning and its neurobiological substrates merit increased attention. This review briefly considers various aspects of the study of social learning in mammals, and indicates where male-female differences have either been described, neglected and, or could have a potential impact. It also describes the results of neurobiological investigations of social learning and considers the relevance of these findings to other sexually dimorphic cognitive processes. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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575 |
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| Author |
Matzke, S.M.; Oubre, J.L.; Caranto, G.R.; Gentry, M.K.; Galbicka, G. |
| Title |
Behavioral and immunological effects of exogenous butyrylcholinesterase in rhesus monkeys |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior |
Abbreviated Journal |
Pharmacol Biochem Behav |
| Volume |
62 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
523-530 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Antibody Formation/drug effects; Behavior, Animal/*drug effects; Butyrylcholinesterase/*immunology/pharmacokinetics/*pharmacology; Cognition/drug effects; Color Perception/drug effects; Conditioning, Operant/drug effects; Discrimination Learning/drug effects; Half-Life; Horses; Humans; Macaca mulatta; Male |
| Abstract |
Although conventional therapies prevent organophosphate (OP) lethality, laboratory animals exposed to such treatments typically display behavioral incapacitation. Pretreatment with purified exogenous human or equine serum butyrylcholinesterase (Eq-BuChE), conversely, has effectively prevented OP lethality in rats and rhesus monkeys, without producing the adverse side effects associated with conventional treatments. In monkeys, however, using a commercial preparation of Eq-BuChE has been reported to incapacitate responding. In the present study, repeated administration of commercially prepared Eq-BuChE had no systematic effect on behavior in rhesus monkeys as measured by a six-item serial probe recognition task, despite 7- to 18-fold increases in baseline BuChE levels in blood. Antibody production induced by the enzyme was slight after the first injection and more pronounced following the second injection. The lack of behavioral effects, the relatively long in vivo half-life, and the previously demonstrated efficacy of BuChE as a biological scavenger for highly toxic OPs make BuChE potentially more effective than current treatment regimens for OP toxicity. |
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Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC 20307-5100, USA |
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English |
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0091-3057 |
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PMID:10080246 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4064 |
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| Author |
McGrew, W.; Marchant, L. |
| Title |
Laterality of hand use pays off in foraging success for wild chimpanzees |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Primates |
Abbreviated Journal |
Primates |
| Volume |
40 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
509-513 |
| Keywords |
Biomedical and Life Sciences |
| Abstract |
The aim of this study was to see if behavioral lateralization in hand use benefits a lateralized organism in nature. We recorded wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) at Gombe, Tanzania, fishing for termites (Macrotermes spp.), an extractive foraging task using elementary technology. We compared individual apes who were completely lateralized, using only one hand or the other for the task, versus those who were incompletely lateralized, using either hand. Exclusively lateralized individuals were more efficient, that is, gathered more prey per unit effort, but were no different in success or error rate from incompletely lateralized apes. This is the first demonstration of a payoff to laterality of behavioral function in primates in conditions of ecological validity. |
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Springer Japan |
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0032-8332 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5368 |
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| Author |
Drea, C.M.; Wallen, K. |
| Title |
Low-status monkeys “play dumb” when learning in mixed social groups |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
| Volume |
96 |
Issue |
22 |
Pages |
12965-12969 |
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| Abstract |
Many primates, including humans, live in complex hierarchical societies where social context and status affect daily life. Nevertheless, primate learning studies typically test single animals in limited laboratory settings where the important effects of social interactions and relationships cannot be studied. To investigate the impact of sociality on associative learning, we compared the individual performances of group-tested rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) across various social contexts. We used a traditional discrimination paradigm that measures an animal's ability to form associations between cues and the obtaining of food in choice situations; but we adapted the task for group testing. After training a 55-member colony to separate on command into two subgroups, composed of either high- or low-status families, we exposed animals to two color discrimination problems, one with all monkeys present (combined condition), the other in their “dominant” and “subordinate” cohorts (split condition). Next, we manipulated learning history by testing animals on the same problems, but with the social contexts reversed. Monkeys from dominant families excelled in all conditions, but subordinates performed well in the split condition only, regardless of learning history. Subordinate animals had learned the associations, but expressed their knowledge only when segregated from higher-ranking animals. Because aggressive behavior was rare, performance deficits probably reflected voluntary inhibition. This experimental evidence of rank-related, social modulation of performance calls for greater consideration of social factors when assessing learning and may also have relevance for the evaluation of human scholastic achievement. |
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10.1073/pnas.96.22.12965 |
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no |
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2093 |
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| Author |
C. K. Hemelrijk, |
| Title |
An individual-orientated model of the emergence of despotic and egalitarian societies |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. |
| Volume |
266 |
Issue |
1417 |
Pages |
361-361 |
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Single behavioural differences between egalitarian and despotic animal societies are often assumed to reflect specific adaptations. However, in the present paper, I will show in an individual-orientated model, how many behavioural traits of egalitarian and despotic virtual societies arise as emergent characteristics. The artificial entities live in a homogeneous world and only aggregate, and upon meeting one another and may perform dominance interactions in which the effects of winning and losing are self-reinforcing. The behaviour of these entities is studied in a similar way to that of real animals. It will be shown that by varying the intensity of aggression only, one may switch from egalitarian to despotic virtual societies. Differences between the two types of society appear to correspond closely to those between despotic and egalitarian macaque species in the real world. In addition, artificial despotic societies show a clearer spatial centrality of dominants and, counter-intuitively, more rank overlap between the sexes than the egalitarian ones. Because of the correspondence with patterns in real animals, the model makes it worthwhile comparing despotic and egalitarian species for socio-spatial structure and rank overlap too. Furthermore, it presents us with parsimonious hypotheses which can be tested in real animals for patterns of aggression, spatial structure and the distribution of social positive and sexual behaviour. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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862 |
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Healy, S.D.; Braham, S.R.; Braithwaite, V.A. |
| Title |
Spatial working memory in rats: no differences between the sexes |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Proceedings. Biological Sciences / The Royal Society |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc Biol Sci |
| Volume |
266 |
Issue |
1435 |
Pages |
2303-2308 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Estrus/metabolism; Female; Male; Memory/*physiology; Rats; Sex Factors; Swimming |
| Abstract |
In a number of mammalian species, males appear to have superior spatial abilities to females. The favoured explanations for this cognitive difference are hormonal, with higher testosterone levels in males than females leading to better spatial performance, and evolutionary, where sexual selection has favoured males with increased spatial abilities for either better navigational skills in hunting or to enable an increased territory size. However, an alternative explanation for this sex difference focuses on the role of varying levels of oestrogen in females in spatial cognition (the 'fertility and parental care' hypothesis). One possibility is that varying oestrogen levels result in variation in spatial learning and memory so that, when tested across the oestrous cycle, females perform as well as males on days of low oestrogen but more poorly on days of high oestrogen. If day in the oestrous cycle is not taken into account then, across an experiment, any sex differences found would always produce male superiority. We used a spatial working memory task in a Morris water maze to test the spatial learning and memory abilities of male and female rats. The rats were tested across a number of consecutive days during which the females went through four oestrous cycles. We found no overall sex differences in latencies to reach a submerged platform in a Morris water maze but, on the day of oestrus (low oestrogen), females took an extra swim to learn the platform's location (a 100% increase over the other days in the cycle). Female swim speed also varied across the oestrous cycle but females were no less active on the day of oestrus. These results oppose the predictions of the fertility and parental care hypothesis. |
| Address |
Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, UK. s.healey@ed.ac.uk |
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0962-8452 |
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PMID:10629980 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2818 |
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Miyashita, Y.; Nakajima, S.; Imada, H. |
| Title |
Panel-touch behavior of horses established by an autoshaping procedure |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Psychological Reports |
Abbreviated Journal |
Psychol Rep |
| Volume |
85 |
Issue |
3 Pt 1 |
Pages |
867-868 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Conditioning (Psychology)/*physiology; Horses/physiology; *Touch |
| Abstract |
Panel-touch behavior of 3 geldings was successfully established by a response-termination type of autoshaping procedure. An omission or negative contingency introduced after the training of an animal, however, decreased the response rate to a near-zero level. |
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Department of Psychology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Nishinomiya, Japan |
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0033-2941 |
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PMID:10672748 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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1926 |
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| Author |
Thomas R. Zentall |
| Title |
Animal Cognition: The Bridge BetweenAnimal Learning and Human Cognition |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Psychological Science |
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10 |
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Pages |
206-208 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3481 |
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| Author |
Cowell, P.E.; Fitch, R.H.; Denenberg, V.H. |
| Title |
Laterality in animals: relevance to schizophrenia |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Schizophrenia Bulletin |
Abbreviated Journal |
Schizophr Bull |
| Volume |
25 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
41-62 |
| Keywords |
Adult; Animals; Cognition; *Disease Models, Animal; Functional Laterality/*physiology; Humans; Language; Motor Activity/physiology; Schizophrenia/*physiopathology |
| Abstract |
Anomalies in the laterality of numerous neurocognitive dimensions associated with schizophrenia have been documented, but their role in the etiology and early development of the disorder remain unclear. In the study of normative neurobehavioral organization, animal models have shed much light on the mechanisms underlying and the factors affecting adult patterns of both functional and structural asymmetry. Nonhuman species have more recently been used to investigate the environmental, genetic, and neuroendocrine factors associated with developmental language disorders in humans. We propose that the animal models used to study the basis of lateralization in normative development and language disorders such as dyslexia could be modified to investigate lateralized phenomena in schizophrenia. |
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Dept. of Human Communication Sciences, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom |
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English |
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0586-7614 |
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PMID:10098913 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2827 |
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| Author |
Pinker, S. |
| Title |
COGNITION:Enhanced: Out of the Minds of Babes |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
| Volume |
283 |
Issue |
5398 |
Pages |
40-41 |
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10.1126/science.283.5398.40 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2956 |
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