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| Author | C. K. Hemelrijk, | ||||
| Title | An individual-orientated model of the emergence of despotic and egalitarian societies | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1999 | Publication | Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. |
| Volume | 266 | Issue | 1417 | Pages | 361-361 |
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| Abstract | Single behavioural differences between egalitarian and despotic animal societies are often assumed to reflect specific adaptations. However, in the present paper, I will show in an individual-orientated model, how many behavioural traits of egalitarian and despotic virtual societies arise as emergent characteristics. The artificial entities live in a homogeneous world and only aggregate, and upon meeting one another and may perform dominance interactions in which the effects of winning and losing are self-reinforcing. The behaviour of these entities is studied in a similar way to that of real animals. It will be shown that by varying the intensity of aggression only, one may switch from egalitarian to despotic virtual societies. Differences between the two types of society appear to correspond closely to those between despotic and egalitarian macaque species in the real world. In addition, artificial despotic societies show a clearer spatial centrality of dominants and, counter-intuitively, more rank overlap between the sexes than the egalitarian ones. Because of the correspondence with patterns in real animals, the model makes it worthwhile comparing despotic and egalitarian species for socio-spatial structure and rank overlap too. Furthermore, it presents us with parsimonious hypotheses which can be tested in real animals for patterns of aggression, spatial structure and the distribution of social positive and sexual behaviour. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 862 | ||
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| Author | Hsu, Y.; Wolf, L.L. | ||||
| Title | The winner and loser effect: integrating multiple experiences | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1999 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
| Volume | 57 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 903-910 |
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| Abstract | An important question in state-dependent behaviour is how multiple influences on state are integrated to determine current behaviour. Aggressive behaviour is known to be affected by a prior contest experience. Nevertheless, whether and how multiple prior fighting experiences are integrated into a fighting decision remain unexplored. In this study, individuals ofRivulus marmoratus(Cyprinodontidae), a hermaphroditic fish, were given different combinations of two prior fighting experiences to investigate: (1) the effect of penultimate experiences on the probability of winning a subsequent contest; (2) the relative effect of a recent win and loss; and (3) whether the effect of a winning experience was as short lived as observed in other species. Penultimate and recent fighting experiences were given to the test fish approximately 48 and 24 h prior to the dyadic contests, respectively. From the results of the five types of contests staged, we conclude that: (1) penultimate fighting experiences had a significant effect on the probability of winning a subsequent contest; (2) a more recent experience had a more pronounced effect than an earlier experience, which suggested that the effect of a fighting experience would decay and/or the effect of a recent experience would interfere with the effect of an earlier experience; (3) no asymmetric effect between a winning experience and a losing experience was detected; and (4) the effect of both a winning and a losing experience lasted for at least 48 h inR. marmoratuswhich was the maximum time tested in these experiments. The possible reasons for the differences in results among studies of experience effects on contest outcomes are discussed. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 865 | ||
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| Author | Bonabeau, E.; Theraulaz, G.; Deneubourg, J-L. | ||||
| Title | Dominance orders in animal societies: the selforganization | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1999 | Publication | Bulletin of Mathematical Biology | Abbreviated Journal | Bull Math Biol |
| Volume | 61 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 727-757 |
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| Abstract | In previous papers (Theraulaz et al. 1995, Bonabeau et al. 1996) we suggested, following Hogeweg and Hesper (1983, 1985), that the formation of dominance orders in animal societies could result from a selforganizing process involving a double reinforcement mechanism: winners reinforce their probability of winning and losers reinforce their probability of losing. This assumption, and subsequent models, were based on empirical data on primitively eusocial wasps (Polistes dominulus). By... | ||||
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| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2172 | ||
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| Author | Barry, K.J.; Crowell-Davis, S.L. | ||||
| Title | Gender differences in the social behavior of the neutered indoor-only domestic cat | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1999 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 64 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 193-211 |
| Keywords | Sex differences; Spatial distribution; Cat; Social; Aggression; Affiliation; Felis catus | ||||
| Abstract | The domestic cat exhibits a wide variety of social behavior. The aim of this experiment was to investigate factors which influence the affiliative and aggressive behavior of the indoor-only neutered domestic cat. Some 60 households comprised of either two males, two females or a male and female cat were observed. The cats were between 6 months and 8 years old, and were always restricted to the indoors. Each pair of housemates was observed for 10 h. There were no significant differences in affiliative or aggressive behavior based on cat gender. However, females were never observed to allorub other females. The male/male households did spend more time in close proximity. The amount of time the cats had lived together was negatively correlated with the amount of aggression observed during the study. Factors such as size of the house and weight difference between the cats did not correlate with the aggression rate. Large standard deviations and the correlations of social behavior between housemates indicated the importance of individual differences in behavior. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2267 | ||
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| Author | Farmer-Dougan, V.; Dougan, J. | ||||
| Title | The Man Who Listens To Behavior: Folk Wisdom And Behavior Analysis From A Real Horse Whisperer | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1999 | Publication | JOURNAL OF THE EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF BEHAVIOR | Abbreviated Journal | J Exp Anal Behav |
| Volume | 72 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 139-149 |
| Keywords | positive reinforcement, aversive control, learned helplessness, language, biological constraints, | ||||
| Abstract | The popular novel and movie The Horse Whisperer are based on the work of several real-life horse whisperers, the most famous of whom is Monty Roberts. Over the last 50 years, Roberts has developed a technique for training horses that is both more effective and less aversive than traditional training techniques. An analysis of Roberts` methods (as described in his book, The Man Who Listens to Horses) indicates a deep understanding of behavioral principles including positive reinforcement, timeout, species-specific defense reactions, learned helplessness, and the behavioral analysis of language. Roberts developed his theory and techniques on the basis of personal experience and folk wisdom, and not as the result of formal training in behavior analysis. Behavior analysts can clearly learn from such insightful yet behaviorally incorrect practitioners, just as such practitioners can benefit from the objective science of behavior analysts. |
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0022-5002 | ISBN |
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| Notes | PMID:16812908 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 1829 | ||
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| Author | Goodwin, D. | ||||
| Title | The importance of ethology in understanding the behaviour of the horse | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1999 | Publication | Equine Veterinary Journal. Supplement | Abbreviated Journal | Equine Vet J Suppl |
| Volume | Issue | 28 | Pages | 15-19 | |
| Keywords | *Animal Husbandry; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Bonding, Human-Pet; Evolution; *Horses; Social Behavior | ||||
| Abstract | Domestication has provided the horse with food, shelter, veterinary care and protection, allowing individuals an increased chance of survival. However, the restriction of movement, limited breeding opportunities and a requirement to expend energy, for the benefit of another species, conflict with the evolutionary processes which shaped the behaviour of its predecessors. The behaviour of the horse is defined by its niche as a social prey species but many of the traits which ensured the survival of its ancestors are difficult to accommodate in the domestic environment. There has been a long association between horses and man and many features of equine behaviour suggest a predisposition to interspecific cooperation. However, the importance of dominance in human understanding of social systems has tended to overemphasize its importance in the human-horse relationship. The evolving horse-human relationship from predation to companionship, has resulted in serial conflicts of interest for equine and human participants. Only by understanding the nature and origin of these conflicts can ethologists encourage equine management practices which minimise deleterious effects on the behaviour of the horse. | ||||
| Address | Anthrozoology Institute, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton S016 7PX, UK | ||||
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| Notes | PMID:11314229 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 1920 | ||
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| Author | Campbell, F.M.; Heyes, C.M.; Goldsmith, A.R. | ||||
| Title | Stimulus learning and response learning by observation in the European starling, in a two-object/two-action test | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1999 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
| Volume | 58 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 151-158 |
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| Abstract | Juvenile European starlings, Sturnus vulgaris , were allowed to observe a conspecific demonstrator using its beak to remove one of two distinctively coloured objects (i.e. a red or a black plug) from a hole in the lid of a plastic box. Both plugs could be removed by either pulling up on a loop of string inserted through the centre of the plug, or pushing down on the plug. When subsequently allowed access to the plugs, and rewarded with food for all removal responses, regardless of the object to which they were made and their direction, observer birds removed the same plug in the same direction as their demonstrator. These results suggest that the two-object/two-action paradigm is a valuable procedure for testing for the simultaneous effects of learning about a stimulus and a response, an object and an action, through conspecific observation. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 2088 | |||
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| Author | Drea, C.M.; Wallen, K. | ||||
| Title | Low-status monkeys “play dumb” when learning in mixed social groups | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1999 | Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
| Volume | 96 | Issue | 22 | Pages | 12965-12969 |
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| Abstract | Many primates, including humans, live in complex hierarchical societies where social context and status affect daily life. Nevertheless, primate learning studies typically test single animals in limited laboratory settings where the important effects of social interactions and relationships cannot be studied. To investigate the impact of sociality on associative learning, we compared the individual performances of group-tested rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) across various social contexts. We used a traditional discrimination paradigm that measures an animal's ability to form associations between cues and the obtaining of food in choice situations; but we adapted the task for group testing. After training a 55-member colony to separate on command into two subgroups, composed of either high- or low-status families, we exposed animals to two color discrimination problems, one with all monkeys present (combined condition), the other in their “dominant” and “subordinate” cohorts (split condition). Next, we manipulated learning history by testing animals on the same problems, but with the social contexts reversed. Monkeys from dominant families excelled in all conditions, but subordinates performed well in the split condition only, regardless of learning history. Subordinate animals had learned the associations, but expressed their knowledge only when segregated from higher-ranking animals. Because aggressive behavior was rare, performance deficits probably reflected voluntary inhibition. This experimental evidence of rank-related, social modulation of performance calls for greater consideration of social factors when assessing learning and may also have relevance for the evaluation of human scholastic achievement. | ||||
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| Notes | 10.1073/pnas.96.22.12965 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 2093 | |||
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| Author | Laland, K.N.; Reader, S.M. | ||||
| Title | Foraging innovation in the guppy | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1999 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
| Volume | 57 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 331-340 |
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| Abstract | When novel behaviour patterns spread through animal populations, typically one animal will initiate the diffusion. It is not known whether such 'innovators' are particularly creative individuals, individuals exposed to the appropriate environmental contingencies, or individuals in a particular motivational state. We describe three experiments that investigated the factors influencing foraging innovation in the guppy Poecilia reticulata. We exposed small laboratory populations of fish to novel foraging tasks, which involved exploration and problem solving to locate a novel food source. Experiments 1 and 2 found that (1) females were more likely to innovate than males, (2) food-deprived fish were more likely to innovate than nonfood-deprived subjects, and (3) smaller fish were more likely to innovate than larger fish. We suggest that the sex difference may reflect parental investment asymmetries in males and females. Experiment 3 found that past innovators were more likely to innovate than past noninnovators. Collectively, the results suggest that differences in foraging innovation in guppies are best accounted for by differences in motivational state, but, in addition, guppies may vary in their predisposition to innovate. Copyright 1999 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. | ||||
| Address | Sub-Department of Animal Behaviour, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge | ||||
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| ISSN | 0003-3472 | ISBN |
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| Notes | PMID:10049472 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 2151 | |||
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| Author | Templeton, J. J.; Kamil, A. C.; Balda, R. P. | ||||
| Title | Sociality and social learning in two species of corvids: The pinyon jay (Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus) and the Clark's nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana). | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1999 | Publication | Journal of Comparative Psychology | Abbreviated Journal | J. Comp. Psychol. |
| Volume | 113 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 450-455 |
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| Abstract | The hypothesis that social learning is an adaptive specialization for social living predicts that social species should learn better socially than they do individually, but that nonsocial species should not exhibit a similar enhancement of performance under social learning conditions. The authors compared individual and social learning abilities in 2 corvid species: the highly social pinyon jay (Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus) and the less social Clark's nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana). The birds were tested on 2 different tasks under individual and social learning conditions. Half learned a motor task individually and a discrimination task socially; the other half learned the motor task socially and the discrimination task individually. Pinyon jays learned faster socially than they did individually, but nutcrackers performed equally well under both learning conditions. Results support the hypothesis that social learning is an adaptive specialization for social living in pinyon jays. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved) | ||||
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| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2191 | ||
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