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| Author |
Davis, S.L.; Cheeke, P.R. |
| Title |
Do domestic animals have minds and the ability to think? A provisional sample of opinions on the question |
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| Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Journal of Animal Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Anim Sci. |
| Volume |
76 |
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8 |
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2072-2079 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2930 |
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| Author |
Schiffman, S.S. |
| Title |
Livestock odors: implications for human health and well-being |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Journal of Animal Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Anim Sci. |
| Volume |
76 |
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5 |
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1343-1355 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2949 |
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| Author |
Cox, G.; Ashford, T. |
| Title |
Riddle Me This: The Craft and Concept of Animal Mind |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1998 |
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Science Technology Human Values |
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23 |
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4 |
Pages |
425-438 |
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This article examines the relations between methods used in both animal work and study and concepts of animal mind. By “animal work” the authors mean humans and animals working together, and by “animal study” they mean the discipline of ethology, especially the emerging area of cognitive ethology. Within these areas the wide range of conceptions of animal mind includes varying emphases on intelligence, forms of rationality and language, cognition, consciousness, and intentionality. The authors' central concern is to elucidate the vocabulary and the concepts which seem necessary to establishing successful working relationships with sheepdogs and gundogs. Their argument moves toward an emphasis on the appreciation of particular intentional states and recognizes that they invariably deploy elements of a moral vocabulary in achieving creative teamwork performances with dogs and other animals. The article concludes by consid enng the relevance of accounts of work with animals for associated considerations of intentionality. |
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10.1177/016224399802300404 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2957 |
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| Author |
Visalberghi E; Tomasello M |
| Title |
Primate causal understanding in the physical and psychological domains |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Behav. Process. |
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42 |
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189 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3079 |
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| Author |
Griffin, D.R. |
| Title |
From cognition to consciousness |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1998 |
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Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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1 |
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1 |
Pages |
3-16 |
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Animal minds – Cognitive ethology – Cognition – Consciousness |
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This paper proposes an extension of scientific horizons in the study of animal behavior and cognition to include conscious experiences. From this perspective animals are best appreciated as actors rather than passive objects. A major adaptive function of their central nervous systems may be simple, but conscious and rational, thinking about alternative actions and choosing those the animal believes will get what it wants, or avoid what it dislikes or fears. Versatile adjustment of behavior in response to unpredictable challenges provides strongly suggestive evidence of simple but conscious thinking. And especially significant objective data about animal thoughts and feelings are already available, once communicative signals are recognized as evidence of the subjective experiences they often convey to others. The scientific investigation of human consciousness has undergone a renaissance in the 1990s, as exemplified by numerous symposia, books and two new journals. The neural correlates of cognition appear to be basically similar in all central nervous systems. Therefore other species equipped with very similar neurons, synapses, and glia may well be conscious. Simple perceptual and rational conscious thinking may be at least as important for small animals as for those with large enough brains to store extensive libraries of behavioral rules. Perhaps only in “megabrains” is most of the information processing unconscious. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3088 |
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Czeschlik, T. |
| Title |
Animal cognition – the phylogeny and ontogeny of cognitive abilities |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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1 |
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1 |
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1-2 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3100 |
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Westergaard, G.C.; Liv, C.; Chavanne, T.J.; Suomi, S.J. |
| Title |
Token-mediated tool-use by a tufted capuchin monkey (Cebus apella) |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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1 |
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2 |
Pages |
101-106 |
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This research examined token-mediated tool-use in a tufted capuchin monkey (Cebus apella). We conducted five experiments. In experiment 1 we examined the use of plastic color-coded chips to request food, and in experiments 2-5 we examined the use of color-coded chips to request tools. Our subject learned to use chips to request tools following the same general pattern seen in great apes performing analogous tasks, that is, initial discrimination followed by an understanding of the relationship among tokens, tools, and their functions. Our findings are consistent with the view that parallel representational processes underlie the tool-related behavior of capuchins and great apes. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3152 |
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Astié, A.A.; Kacelnik, A.; Reboreda, J.C. |
| Title |
Sexual differences in memory in shiny cowbirds |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume |
1 |
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2 |
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77-82 |
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Avian brood parasites depend on other species, the hosts, to raise their offspring. During the breeding season, parasitic cowbirds (Molothrus sp.) search for potential host nests to which they return for laying a few days after first locating them. Parasitic cowbirds have a larger hippocampus/telencephalon volume than non-parasitic species; this volume is larger in the sex involved in nest searching (females) and it is also larger in the breeding than in the non-breeding season. In nature, female shiny cowbirds Molothrus bonariensis search for nests without the male's assistance. Here we test whether, in association with these neuroanatomical and behavioural differences, shiny cowbirds display sexual differences in a memory task in the laboratory. We used a task consisting of finding food whose location was indicated either by the appearance or the location of a covering disk. Females learnt to retrieve food faster than males when food was associated with appearance cues, but we found no sexual differences when food was associated with a specific location. Our results are consistent with the view that parasitism and its neuroanatomical correlates affect performance in memory tasks, but the effects we found were not in the expected direction, emphasising that the nature of avian hippocampal function and its sexual differences are not yet understood. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3158 |
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Call, J.; Hare, B.A.; Tomasello, M. |
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Chimpanzee gaze following in an object-choice task |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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1 |
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2 |
Pages |
89-99 |
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Many primate species reliably track and follow the visual gaze of conspecifics and humans, even to locations above and behind the subject. However, it is not clear whether primates follow a human's gaze to find hidden food under one of two containers in an object-choice task. In a series of experiments six adult female chimpanzees followed a human's gaze (head and eye direction) to a distal location in space above and behind them, and checked back to the human's face when they did not find anything interesting or unusual. This study also assessed whether these same subjects would also use the human's gaze in an object-choice task with three types of occluders: barriers, tubes, and bowls. Barriers and tubes permitted the experimenter to see their contents (i.e., food) whereas bowls did not. Chimpanzees used the human's gaze direction to choose the tube or barrier containing food but they did not use the human's gaze to decide between bowls. Our findings allowed us to discard both simple orientation and understanding seeing-knowing in others as the explanations for gaze following in chimpanzees. However, they did not allow us to conclusively choose between orientation combined with foraging tendencies and understanding seeing in others. One interesting possibility raised by these results is that studies in which the human cannot see the reward at the time of subject choice may potentially be underestimating chimpanzees' social knowledge. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3165 |
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Rasa, O.A.E. |
| Title |
To stay or to leave? Decision rules for partner species relocation in two symbiotic pairs of desert beetles |
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Journal Article |
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1998 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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1 |
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1 |
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47-54 |
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Four nocturnal Kalahari desert tenebrionid beetles live in closely associated species pairs. The larger member of each pair, Parastizopus and Gonopus, are the primary burrowers while their smaller associates, Eremostibes and Herpiscius, inhabit the burrows with them and feed on detritus the larger beetles carry in. During summer drought, the two large species have different emergence times, surface activity patterns (vagilities) and different probabilities that burrows will be reoccupied before sunrise or remain empty for longer periods. Because their partners leave the burrows, the smaller species must make a decision either to stay in the expectation of a burrow being reinhabited, or leave and locate a new partner. The vagility and burrow fidelity of the associating species were studied using marked individuals in free-living populations. Field inclusion/exclusion experiments to test what influences the decision process showed that neither continual partner presence nor food induced the smaller beetles to remain. Different percentages, depending on species, left overnight. For both associates, these proportions corresponded exactly to the probability that the burrow would not be inhabited by their partner species the next day. Neither species predicted the probability of burrow reoccupation after a short vacancy and adopted a “waiting” strategy. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3166 |
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