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| Author | de VRIES, H.A.N. | ||||
| Title | Finding a dominance order most consistent with a linear hierarchy: a new procedure and review | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
| Volume | 55 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 827-843 |
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| Abstract | A procedure for ordering a set of individuals into a linear or near-linear dominance hierarchy is presented. Two criteria are used in a prioritized way in reorganizing the dominance matrix to find an order that is most consistent with a linear hierarchy: first, minimization of the numbers of inconsistencies and, second, minimization of the total strength of the inconsistencies. The linear ordering procedure, which involves an iterative algorithm based on a generalized swapping rule, is feasible for matrices of up to 80 individuals. The procedure can be applied to any dominance matrix, since it does not make any assumptions about the form of the probabilities of winning and losing. The only assumption is the existence of a linear or near-linear hierarchy which can be verified by means of a linearity test. A review of existing ranking methods is presented and these are compared with the proposed method. | ||||
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| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 457 | ||
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| Author | Lachmann M.; Bergstrom C.T. | ||||
| Title | Signalling among Relatives II. Beyond the Tower of Babel | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Theoretical Population Biology | Abbreviated Journal | Theor. Pop. Biol. |
| Volume | 54 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 146-160 |
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| Abstract | Models of costly signalling are commonly employed in evolutionary biology in order to explain how honest communication between individuals with conflicting interests can be stable. These models have focused primarily on a single type of honest signalling equilibrium, the separating equilibrium in which any two different signallers send distinct signals, thereby providing signal receivers with complete information. In this paper, we demonstrate that in signalling among relatives (modelled using the Sir Philip Sidney game), there is not one but a large number of possible signalling equilibria, most of which are pooling equilibria in which different types of signallers may share a common signal. We prove that in a general Sir Philip Sidney game, any partition of signallers into equi-signalling classes can have a stable signalling equilibrium if and only if it is a contiguous partition, and provide examples of such partitions. A similar (but slightly stricter) condition is shown to hold when signals are transmitted through a medium with signalling error. These results suggest a solution to a problem faced by previous signalling theory models: when we consider the separating equilibrium, signal cost is independent of the frequency of individuals sending that signal and, consequently, even very rare signaller types can drastically affect signal cost. Here, we show that by allowing these rare signallers to pool with more common signallers, signal cost can be greatly reduced. Copyright 1998 Academic Press. | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 560 | ||
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| Author | Templeton, J.J. | ||||
| Title | Learning from others' mistakes: a paradox revisited | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
| Volume | 55 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 79-85 |
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| Abstract | Some researchers have reported the paradoxical finding of enhanced social learning when naive observers learn from unskilled rather than skilled demonstrators, particularly in discrimination tasks. In two experiments with starlings,Sturnus vulgaris, I considered whether this enhanced learning is because the observer (1) sees incorrect responses only, (2) sees both correct and incorrect responses or (3) sees an increase in the proportion of correct responses over trials. In experiment 1, individual starlings observed a demonstrator bird perform multiple simultaneous discrimination tasks. In one group, the demonstrator always picked the correct stimulus; in another group, the demonstrator always picked the incorrect stimulus; in a third group, the demonstrator consistently picked the correct stimulus 50% of the time. Those subjects that observed only incorrect choices performed significantly better than the other two groups, but none of the birds achieved the 90% correct performance criterion. Experiment 2 involved a single discrimination task; thus, a fourth group was added to control for individual learning. Again, subjects that observed only incorrect responses learned the discrimination significantly more quickly than the other three groups. Subjects that observed the demonstrator make both correct and incorrect responses were equally likely to select the same (correct) or opposite (incorrect) stimulus when the demonstrator picked the correct stimulus. When the demonstrator picked the incorrect stimulus, however, these subjects were significantly more likely to pick the opposite (correct) stimulus. These findings suggest that when learning a discrimination problem, observing a foraging companion's lack of success is more informative than observing its success. | ||||
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Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 567 | ||
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| Author | Tomasello, M.; Call, J.; Hare, B. | ||||
| Title | Five primate species follow the visual gaze of conspecifics | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
| Volume | 55 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 1063-1069 |
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| Abstract | Individuals from five primate species were tested experimentally for their ability to follow the visual gaze of conspecifics to an outside object. Subjects were from captive social groups of chimpanzees,Pan troglodytes, sooty mangabeys,Cercocebus atys torquatus, rhesus macaques,Macaca mulatta, stumptail macaques,M. arctoides, and pigtail macaques,M. nemestrina. Experimental trials consisted of an experimenter inducing one individual to look at food being displayed, and then observing the reaction of another individual (the subject) that was looking at that individual (not the food). Control trials consisted of an experimenter displaying the food in an identical manner when the subject was alone. Individuals from all species reliably followed the gaze of conspecifics, looking to the food about 80% of the time in experimental trials, compared with about 20% of the time in control trials. Results are discussed in terms of both the proximate mechanisms that might be involved and the adaptive functions that might be served by gaze-following. | ||||
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Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 592 | ||
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| Author | Schnall, Simone; Gattis,Merideth | ||||
| Title | Transitive Inference by Visual Reasoning | Type | Conference Volume | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 929-934 | ||
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| Abstract | Two experiments are reported that investigated the influence of linear spatial organization on transitive inference performance. Reward/no-reward relations between overlapping pairs of elements were presented in a context of linear spatial order or random spatial order. Participants in the linear arrangement condition showed evidence for visual reasoning: They systematically mapped spatial relations to conceptual relation and used the spatial relations to make inferences on a reasoning task in a new spatial context. We suggest that linear ordering may be a “good figure”, by constituting a parsimonious representation for the integration of premises, as well as for the inferencing process. The late emergence of transitive inference in children may be the result of limited cognitive capacity, which --unless an external spatial array is available --constrains the construction of an internal spatial array. |
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Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 610 | ||
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| Author | Kendrick, K.M. | ||||
| Title | Intelligent perception | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 57 | Issue | 3-4 | Pages | 213-231 |
| Keywords | Intelligent perception; Environmental changes; Primates | ||||
| Abstract | For an animal from any species to exhibit intelligent perception it must be capable of being consciously aware of what it perceives and capable of learning from this experience. Although many organisms, and for that matter machines, are capable of rapid adaptive learning in response to perception of environmental changes, such adaptations can occur without them being consciously aware either of external stimuli or their response to them. While behavioural and neurophysiological evidence suggests that, apart from ourselves, other higher primates must also be capable of such awareness, an important central question is whether such awareness is a characteristic of primate evolution or if it also occurs in sub-primate mammals as well. In this review I will examine our behavioural and neurophysiological evidence from visual and olfactory recognition studies in the sheep to support the argument that they are likely to be aware of and learn about both social and non-social objects and that they are therefore capable of intelligent perception. However, the impact of motivational changes on these perceptual processes suggests that they may be limited in terms of both prospection and retrospection and dealing with symbolic associations. | ||||
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Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 796 | ||
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| Author | Drummond, H.; Canales, C. | ||||
| Title | Dominance between booby nestlings involves winner and loser effects | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
| Volume | 55 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 1669-1676 |
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| Abstract | Two-chick broods of the blue-footed booby,Sula nebouxii, ordinarily exhibit stable dominance-subordinance, with the senior (first-hatched) chick habitually aggressive and the junior one habitually submissive (Nelson 1978,The Sulidae: Gannets and Boobies. London: Oxford University Press). But are both the subordinate and the dominant chick affected in their agonistic tendencies by early social experience? To answer this, we permanently paired subordinate and dominant chicks, 2-3 weeks old, with singletons (chicks lacking experience with a nestmate) by cross-fostering. During the first 4 h after pairing, subordinate chicks were seven times less aggressive than singletons and twice as likely to be submissive; dominant chicks were six times as aggressive as singletons. Although most subordinates consistently lost agonistic encounters during the first 10 days after pairing, the proportion of dominants that won decreased progressively until, by day 6, only about half of dominant chicks were winning. Early social experience has a strong but reversable training effect on both subordinates and dominants. Training as a subordinate showed more persistent effects than training as a dominant, possibly in part because our testing situation perpetuated subordinate training and counteracted dominant training. | ||||
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Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 861 | ||
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| Author | Karavanich, C.; Atema, J. | ||||
| Title | Individual recognition and memory in lobster dominance | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
| Volume | 56 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 1553-1560 |
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| Abstract | American lobsters,Homarus americanus, form stable dominance relationships in captivity. Size, sex and stage in the moult cycle are important determinants for dominance. Other factors, such as recent agonistic experience play a role. This paper investigates how lobsters maintain their stable dominance relationships: they may recognize individuals or alternatively, recognize overall dominance status. We paired lobsters in two consecutive `boxing matches'. Results indicate that lobsters remember familiar opponents when kept either in isolation or in communal tanks for 24 h between their first and second fights. Subordinates immediately backed away from familiar dominants, avoiding a second fight. In some animals, this memory lasted between 1-2 weeks if pairs were kept separate between the first and second fights. When paired for the second fight against unfamiliar dominant lobsters, subordinate lobsters from first fights actively fought and won the encounter. These results suggest that lobsters are capable of `individual recognition'. In nature, the observed social organization of lobsters may be maintained by individual recognition of a small number of residents inhabiting separate, nearby shelters. | ||||
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Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 866 | ||
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| Author | Schnitzer, U. | ||||
| Title | Grundsätze der Gymnastizierung des Reitpferdes | Type | Book Whole | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 16 | ||
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| Language | Deutsch | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Reiten Lesen Denken @ eberhardhuebener @ | Serial | 1064 | ||
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| Author | Galef, B. G. JR; White, D.J. | ||||
| Title | Mate-choice copying in Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
| Volume | 55 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 545-552 |
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Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1814 | |||
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