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	Author	Shuster, G.; Sherman, P.W.
	Title	Tool use by naked mole-rats			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	1	Issue	1	Pages	71-74
	Keywords
	Abstract	Naked mole-rats (Heterocephalus glaber, Rodentia: Bathyergidae) excavate extensive subterranean burrows with their procumbent incisors. Captive individuals often place a wood shaving or tuber husk behind their incisor teeth and in front of their lips and molar teeth while gnawing on substrates that yield fine particulate debris. This oral barrier may prevent choking or aspiration of foreign material. Consistent use of tools has rarely been reported in rodents.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3367
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	Author	McNelis, N.L.; Boatright-Horowitz, S.L.
	Title	Social monitoring in a primate group: the relationship between visual attention and hierarchical ranks			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	1	Issue	1	Pages	65-69
	Keywords
	Abstract	Social monitoring has been hypothesized to be an important component of primate social behavior. If the gaze direction of one animal can redirect the gaze of another, visual scanning of conspecifics can provide a more efficient means of locating food or predators than directly scanning the entire nonsocial environment. Social monitoring also allows distance regulation between members of a group, reducing the likelihood of agonistic encounters. Although assessment of gaze direction in freely moving primates is problematic, we were successful in assessing amounts of visual scanning among adult females of a captive, socially housed group of patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) using a focal sampling technique with on-the-dot recording (5-s sampling intervals). In study 1, relative amounts of scanning were assessed as subjects gazed at any other member of the group. Percentages of agreement between observers ranged from 80% to 92%, with corresponding &#115 values ranging from 0.74 to 0.92. In study 2, relative amounts of visual scanning were assessed so that specific targets of gaze were identified. The resultant data supported a long-standing prediction about the role of social monitoring in primate group dynamics. Lower-ranking animals gazed toward higher-ranking animals more often than vice versa. Although the specific cues eliciting social monitoring remain to be determined, visual attention in this social primate group appeared to be systematically related to hierarchical ranks, assessed by displacements. Minimally, these results suggest that patas monkeys structure their visual attention based on previous encounters with other members of their social group. While simple discrimination learning could account for these results, the demonstration of a systematic relationship between visual attention and primate social dynamics is relevant to current discussions of a primate's understanding of conspecific gaze direction.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3377
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	Author	Miklósi, A.; Polgárdi, R.; Topál, J.; Csányi, V.
	Title	Use of experimenter-given cues in dogs			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	1	Issue	2	Pages	113-121
	Keywords
	Abstract	Since the observations of O. Pfungst the use of human-provided cues by animals has been well-known in the behavioural sciences (“Clever Hans effect”). It has recently been shown that rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) are unable to use the direction of gazing by the experimenter as a cue for finding food, although after some training they learned to respond to pointing by hand. Direction of gaze is used by chimpanzees, however. Dogs (Canis familiaris) are believed to be sensitive to human gestural communication but their ability has never been formally tested. In three experiments we examined whether dogs can respond to cues given by humans. We found that dogs are able to utilize pointing, bowing, nodding, head-turning and glancing gestures of humans as cues for finding hidden food. Dogs were also able to generalize from one person (owner) to another familiar person (experimenter) in using the same gestures as cues. Baseline trials were run to test the possibility that odour cues alone could be responsible for the dogs' performance. During training individual performance showed limited variability, probably because some dogs already “knew” some of the cues from their earlier experiences with humans. We suggest that the phenomenon of dogs responding to cues given by humans is better analysed as a case of interspecific communication than in terms of discrimination learning.
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	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3378
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	Author	Sutton J.E.; Roberts W.A.
	Title	Do pigeons show incidental timing? Some experiments and a suggested hierarchical framework for the study of attention in animal cognition			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Behavioural Processes	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Process.
	Volume	44	Issue		Pages	263-275
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	3463
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	Author	McLaren I.P.L.
	Title	Animal Learning and Cognition: A neural network approach			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Trends in Cognitive Sciences	Abbreviated Journal	Trends. Cognit. Sci.
	Volume	2	Issue		Pages	236-236
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	Abstract
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	3464
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	Author	Vallortigara G.
	Title	Minds of Their Own			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Trends in Cognitive Sciences	Abbreviated Journal	Trends. Cognit. Sci.
	Volume	2	Issue		Pages	118-118
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	Abstract
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	3466
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	Author	Mesulam, M.-M.
	Title	Review article. From sensation to cognition			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Brain	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	121	Issue		Pages	1013-1052
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	Abstract
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	3467
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	Author	Byrne, T.; Sutphin, G.; Poling, A.
	Title	Acquisition, extinction, and reacquisition of responding with delayed and immediate reinforcement			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Behavioural Processes	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Process.
	Volume	43	Issue	1	Pages	97-101
	Keywords	Acquisition; Delayed reinforcement; Extinction; Rats
	Abstract	The present study investigated acquisition, extinction, and reacquisition of free-operant responding when rats' lever presses produced water after a resetting delay of 0, 10, 20, or 30 s. Results indicated that: (1) responding was acquired rapidly at all delays without shaping or autoshaping; (2) resistance to extinction was directly related to delay length and inversely related to intermittency of reinforcement; (3) responding acquired with delayed reinforcement recovered less rapidly from extinction, and was less efficient, than responding acquired with immediate reinforcement. Comparing these results with those of studies using discrete-trials and free-operant procedures with no reinforcement delay suggest that the specific conditions under which behavior is maintained determines, in part, the behavioral effects of delay and intermittency of reinforcement.
	Address
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3601
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	Author	Duncan, I.J.H.; Widowski, T.M.; Malleau, A.E.; Lindberg, A.C.; Petherick, J.C.
	Title	External factors and causation of dustbathing in domestic hens			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Behavioural Processes	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Process.
	Volume	43	Issue	2	Pages	219-228
	Keywords	Dustbathing; Illumination; Laying hens; Radiant heat; Social facilitation; Temperature
	Abstract	Dustbathing is known to be motivated by complex interactions between internal factors which build up over time and external factors, such as the sight of a dusty substrate. In this study, the effects of other external factors were investigated. Environmental temperature was shown to be important; frequencies of dustbathing were greater when hens were held at 22 than at 10[degree sign]C (P<0.01). In a second experiment, a radiant heat source or a radiant heat+light source, balanced to give the same radiant heat, resulted in more dustbathing behaviour during a 1-h stimulus period than during the same period with no stimulus (P<0.05). Components of dustbathing were increased more by the heat+light stimulus than by the heat stimulus alone (P<0.03). In a third experiment, the amount of dustbathing performed by individual hens in cages with dustbaths was increased by the presence of a group of hens dustbathing in an adjoining pen with a dustbath compared with the amount occurring when the hens were absent from the pen.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3607
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	Author	Morales, J.L.; Manchado, M.; Vivo, J.; Galisteo, A.M.; Aguera, E.; Miro, F.
	Title	Angular kinematic patterns of limbs in elite and riding horses at trot			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Equine Veterinary Journal	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J
	Volume	30	Issue	6	Pages	528-533
	Keywords	Animals; Biomechanics; Breeding; Extremities/physiology; Gait/physiology; Horses/physiology; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Joints/physiology; Male; Video Recording
	Abstract	Normal speed videography was used to determine the angular parameters of 28 Spanish Thoroughbreds at trot. Horses were divided into 3 groups: Group UT, comprising 9 animals (provided by the VII National Stud, Cordoba, Spain) which had undergone no specific training programme and which were hand led at the trot; Group T, formed by 19 horses considered to be highly bred and trained, and which were also hand led; and Group RT, comprising the same horses as the latter group but this time trotted by a rider. Each animal was filmed 6 times from the right-hand side, using a Hi8 (25 Hz) video camera. Angular parameters for fore- and hindlimb joints were measured in each stride from computer-grabbed frames and entered into a spreadsheet for calculation; parameters included maximum and minimum angles, range of motion, and angles at landing, lift off and maximum hoof height; the times at which maximum angle, minimum angle, lift off and maximum hoof height occurred were calculated as percentages of total stride duration. Stride velocity (mean [s.d.]) was 4.01 (0.62), 3.60 (0.34) and 3.07 (0.36) m/s for Groups UT, T and RT, respectively. Data were then compared between Groups UT-T and Groups T-RT. Compared with Group UT, horses from Group T featured a shorter stance percentage (P<0.001) in both fore- and hindlimbs. The range of motion in forelimbs was smaller (P<0.05), due to lower retraction (P<0.001); moreover, maximum retraction appeared earlier (P<0.05). Greater scapular inclination was in evidence (P<0.05) and the shoulder joint extended further (P<0.05). Fore- and hind fetlock joints revealed a relatively shorter hyperextension period during the stance phase (P<0.01). Compared with Group T, horses from Group RT had a longer stance percentage, with belated maximum retraction of the fore- and hindlimbs. The range of movement in scapular inclination was greater (P<0.05), due to a smaller minimum angle (P<0.01), and the shoulder joint flexed more (P<0.05). The elbow joint extended more and for longer during the stance phase. Initial extension of the hip joint (P<0.05) and tarsus (P<0.001) lasted longer. The carpal and fore and hind fetlock joints recorded relatively longer hyperextension times, in addition to greater hyperextension during the stance phase. The results from the present study suggest that rider-effect must be taken in consideration when well gaited horses are selected for dressage purposes.
	Address	Department of Compared Anatomy and Pathology, University of Cordoba, Veterinary Faculty, Spain
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0425-1644	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:9844972			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3734
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