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| Author | Potts, R. | ||||
| Title | Variability selection in hominid evolution | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews | Abbreviated Journal | Evol. Anthropol. |
| Volume | 7 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 81-96 |
| Keywords | variability selection; hominids; environment; adaptation; natural selection; evolution | ||||
| Abstract | Variability selection (abbreviated as VS) is a process considered to link adaptive change to large degrees of environment variability. Its application to hominid evolution is based, in part, on the pronounced rise in environmental remodeling that took place over the past several million years. The VS hypothesis differs from prior views of hominid evolution, which stress the consistent selective effects associated with specific habitats or directional trends (e.g., woodland, savanna expansion, cooling). According to the VS hypothesis, wide fluctuations over time created a growing disparity in adaptive conditions. Inconsistency in selection eventually caused habitat-specific adaptations to be replaced by structures and behaviors responsive to complex environmental change. Key hominid adaptations, in fact, emerged during times of heightened variability. Early bipedality, encephalized brains, and complex human sociality appear to signify a sequence of VS adaptations—i.e., a ratcheting up of versatility and responsiveness to novel environments experienced over the past 6 million years. The adaptive results of VS cannot be extrapolated from selection within a single environmental shift or relatively stable habitat. If some complex traits indeed require disparities in adaptive setting (and relative fitness) in order to evolve, the VS idea counters the prevailing view that adaptive change necessitates long-term, directional consistency in selection. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. | ||||
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| Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
| Publisher | John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
| Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 1520-6505 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5461 | ||
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| Author | Barton, N. | ||||
| Title | Evolutionary biology: The geometry of adaptation | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Nature | Abbreviated Journal | Nature |
| Volume | 395 | Issue | 6704 | Pages | 751-752 |
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0028-0836 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | 10.1038/27338 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5469 | ||
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| Author | Weng, R.C.; Edwards, S.A.; English, P.R. | ||||
| Title | Behaviour, social interactions and lesion scores of group-housed sows in relation to floor space allowance | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 59 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 307-316 |
| Keywords | Pig-social behaviour; Space requirements; Anomalous behaviour | ||||
| Abstract | The space allowance appropriate for sows in group housing remains scientifically undefined, since the social space requirement of a group of animals and the factors which affect this are unknown. Eight established groups of six pregnant, multiparous sows were used in a replicated Latin Square design of experiment, with 7 day periods, to compare four pen sizes providing 2.0, 2.4, 3.6 or 4.8 m2/sow. For the last 48 h of each 7 day period, a continuous video recording was made to determine general behaviour and all social interactions. Time spent rooting increased progressively with increasing space allowance, whereas time spent sitting and standing inactive were both progressively reduced. The total frequency of social interactions and aggressive behaviour both increased with decreasing space allowance. The Attack:Retreat ratio was significantly higher, and the Avoidance Index significantly lower, in the smallest pen. All body regions had the highest count of lesions after sows had been in the smallest pen, with damage levels being reduced as pen area increased. Analysis of body lesion scores, combining incidence and severity, gave the same treatment effects. In conclusion, the results indicated that a minimum space of between 2.4 and 3.6 m2/sow was necessary in the conditions of this experiment to promote good welfare. This result cannot be generalised to situations of different group size, group stability or feeding method. | ||||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0168-1591 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5474 | ||
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| Author | Schwartz, E.B.; Granger, D.A.; Susman, E.J.; Gunnar, M.R.; Laird, B. | ||||
| Title | Assessing Salivary Cortisol in Studies of Child Development | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Child Development | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 69 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 1503-1513 |
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| Abstract | In a series of studies, we evaluated the susceptibility of radioimmunoassays (RIA) for saliva cortisol to interference effects caused by oral stimulants used to facilitate saliva collection in studies with children. When added directly to saliva samples, oral stimulants (drink mix crystals) artificially inflated estimated cortisol concentrations. The magnitude of the interference effect was concentration-dependent and more pronounced for some stimulants and RIA procedures than for others. Analysis of samples collected using oral stimulants from child and adult participants confirmed stimulant interference as an extraneous source of variability in measured saliva cortisol. Associations between serum and saliva cortisol and between saliva cortisol and “behavioral” variables were attenuated by stimulant interference. A survey of six large child studies estimated interference effects, indexed by low sample pH, to be present in 14.7% of the 1,148 total saliva samples, or 2%-54% (M= 22%) of samples within each study. Recommendations to minimize the impact of stimluant interference in studies involving salivary cortisol in the context of child health and development are outlined. | ||||
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| Publisher | Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 1467-8624 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5562 | ||
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| Author | Byrne, R. W.; Russon, A. E. | ||||
| Title | Learning by imitation: a hierachical approach | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Brain Sci. | |
| Volume | 21 | Issue | Pages | 667-721 | |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5598 | ||
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| Author | Hopkins, W.D.; Parr, L.A. | ||||
| Title | Lateralized behavior and lymphocyte counts in chimpanzees (pan troglodytes): A cross-sectional and longitudinal assessment | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Developmental Neuropsychology | Abbreviated Journal | Developmental Neuropsychology |
| Volume | 14 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 519-533 |
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| Abstract | Cross?sectional and longitudinal assessment of lymphocyte count and behavioral laterality was examined in a sample of captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) to assess the validity of the Geschwind?Behan?Galaburda (GBG) theory of cerebral lateralization. For the cross?sectional analysis, chimpanzees classified as right?handed for feeding exhibited lower lymphocyte counts than chimpanzees classified as either ambiguously handed or left?handed. Longitudinal analysis indicated that some measures of laterality within the first 3 months of life predicted (a) direction of hand preference at 2 to 5 years of age and (b) lymphocyte counts for the first 3 years of life. The association between lymphocyte count and behavioral laterality was more evident in males than females. Taken together, the results support some aspects of the GBG theory. | ||||
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| Publisher | Routledge | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| ISSN | 8756-5641 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | doi: 10.1080/87565649809540726 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5780 | ||
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| Author | Alexander, S.L.; Irvine, C.H. | ||||
| Title | The effect of social stress on adrenal axis activity in horses: the importance of monitoring corticosteroid-binding globulin capacity | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Journal of Endocrinology | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 157 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 425-432 |
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| Abstract | Plasma cortisol is largely bound to corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG), which regulates its bioavailability by restricting exit from capillaries. Levels of CBG may be altered by several factors including stress and this can influence the amount of cortisol reaching cells. This study investigated the effect of social instability on plasma concentrations of CBG, total and free (not protein bound) cortisol in horses. Horses new to our research herd ('newcomers') were confined in a small yard with four dominant resident horses for 3-4 h daily for 3-4 (n = 5) or 9-14 (n = 3) days. Jugular blood was collected in the mornings from newcomers before the period of stress began ('pre-stress'), and then before each day's stress. Residents were bled before stress on the first and thirteenth day. Residents always behaved aggressively towards newcomers. By the end of the stress period, all newcomers were subordinate to residents. In newcomers (n = 8) after 3-4 days of social stress, CBG binding capacity had fallen (P = 0.0025), while free cortisol concentrations had risen (P = 0.0016) from pre-stress values. In contrast, total cortisol did not change. In residents, CBG had decreased slightly but significantly (P = 0.0162) after 12 days of stress. Residents and newcomers did not differ in pre-stress CBG binding capacity, total or free cortisol concentrations. However, by the second week of stress, CBG binding capacity was lower (P = 0.015) and free cortisol higher (P = 0.030) in newcomers (n = 3) than in residents. Total cortisol did not differ between the groups. In conclusion social stress clearly affected the adrenal axis of subordinate newcomer horses, lowering the binding capacity of CBG and raising free cortisol concentrations. However, no effect of stress could be detected when only total cortisol was measured. Therefore, to assess adrenal axis status accurately in horses, it is essential to monitor the binding capacity of CBG and free cortisol concentrations in addition to total cortisol levels. | ||||
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| Notes | 10.1677/joe.0.1570425 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5844 | ||
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| Author | Vetvik, H.; Grewal, H.M.S.; Haugen, I.L.; Åhrén, C.; Haneberg, B. | ||||
| Title | Mucosal antibodies can be measured in air-dried samples of saliva and feces | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Journal of Immunological Methods | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 215 | Issue | 1–2 | Pages | 163-172 |
| Keywords | Saliva; Feces; IgA; IgG; Air-drying | ||||
| Abstract | IgA antibodies reflecting airways or intestinal mucosal immune responses can be found in saliva and feces, respectively, and IgG antibodies reflecting serum antibodies can be found in saliva. In this study, antibodies were detected in samples of saliva and feces which had been air-dried at room temperature (+20°C) or +37°C, and stored at these temperatures for up to 6 months. In saliva the antibody levels increased, while the antibodies in feces decreased upon storage. The individual IgA antibody concentrations which were adjusted by using the ratios of specific IgA/total IgA were relatively stable in both saliva and feces, and correlated with corresponding antibody levels in samples which had been stored at -20°C. The results indicate that air-dried saliva and feces can be used for semiquantitative measurements of mucosal antibodies, even after prolonged storage at high temperatures and lack of refrigeration. | ||||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0022-1759 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5996 | ||
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| Author | Daniel, J.C.; Mikulka, P.J. | ||||
| Title | Discrimination learning in the white rhinoceros | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 58 | Issue | 1–2 | Pages | 197-202 |
| Keywords | Rhinoceros; Learning | ||||
| Abstract | This study examined the ability of two adult white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum simum) to develop a visual discrimination between an open circle and a triangle. These stimuli were presented as black symbols on large white cards. The cards were presented 4.6 m apart and a food reward was given if the subject approached the open circle. Ten discrimination choices were given daily until each subject reached the criterion of 80% correct responding over a block of 50 trials. The female reached the criterion over trials 151–200, while the male required considerably longer (trials 501–550). The male's discrimination was dramatically affected by a shift in the food reward. This study demonstrates that these rhinos were able to develop a successful discrimination and this protocol could be used to further examine their visual acuity. | ||||
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| ISSN | 0168-1591 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6145 | ||
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| Author | Klingel, H. | ||||
| Title | Observations on social organization and behaviour of African and Asiatic Wild Asses (Equus africanus and Equus hemionus) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl Anim Behav Sci |
| Volume | 60 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 103-113 |
| Keywords | Equus africanus Equus hemionus Territoriality | ||||
| Abstract | 1This paper appears with kind permission of Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin and Hamburg. It was originally published in Z. Tierpsychol., 44, 323-331 (1977), ISSN 0044-3573/ASTM-Coden: ZETIAG.1 Abstract African and Asiatic Wild Asses (Equus africanus and Equus hemionus) live in unstable groups or herds of variable composition. Some of the adult stallions are territorial in large territories in which they tolerate other ♂♂. The territorial ♂♂ are dominant over all their conspecifics |
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| ISSN | 0168-1591 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6173 | ||
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