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	Author	Santi, A.; Stanford, L.; Symons, J.
	Title	An analysis of confusion errors in many-to-one matching with temporal and nontemporal samples			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	1	Issue	1	Pages	37-46
	Keywords
	Abstract	In experiment 1, pigeons were trained to match temporal (2, 8, and 10 s of houselight) and location (feeder light, left key, center key illumination) samples to color comparison stimuli. Red choices were correct following the 2-s and feeder light, orange choices were correct following the 8-s and center key, and green choices were correct following the 10-s and left key. Samples that were harder to discriminate (8- vs 10-s, and left vs center key) were mapped onto comparisons that were easy to discriminate (orange vs green), while samples that were easier to discriminate (2- vs 8-s, and feeder light vs left key) were mapped onto comparisons that were hard to discriminate(red vs orange). The pattern of errors for temporal and location samples indicated that these samples were not represented by a common code even though they were associated with the same comparison stimuli. In experiment 2, the same pigeons were trained with visual samples in which samples that were hard to discriminate (triangle vs circle) were mapped onto comparisons that were easy to discriminate (orange vs green), while samples that were easy to discriminate(plus vs triangle) were mapped onto comparisons that were hard to discriminate (red vs orange). Following acquisition of the visual discrimination, the temporal samples were re-introduced and many-to-one training was continued. During delay testing, the pattern of errors for temporal and visual samples was equivalent and consistent with the hypothesis that visual samples were being coded in terms of the duration appropriate for the temporal sample with which it shared a common comparison response. Data from no-sample test sessions ruled out a simple response bias explanation of the data. The properties of common codes for temporal and nontemporal events can be somewhat flexible and more complicated than previously envisaged.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3218
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	Author	Cameron, E.Z.
	Title	Is suckling behaviour a useful predictor of milk intake? A review			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Animal Behaviour.	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Behav.
	Volume	56	Issue	3	Pages	521-532
	Keywords
	Abstract	In studies on mammalian parental investment, time spent suckling is often used as a predictor of the milk transferred from mother to infant. It is assumed that the rate of milk transfer is positively correlated with the time spent suckling. However, this assumption has not been tested and empirical studies show conflicting results. Nevertheless, in species in which suckling can readily be observed, time spent suckling is still used to measure milk transfer, although an increasing number of workers recognize that the measure is potentially inaccurate. A meta-analysis on studies that have correlated measures of time spent suckling with milk intake estimates based on weight gain revealed a weak positive relationship and significant heterogeneity between studies. Isotope-labelling techniques for the measurement of milk transfer independent of behaviour have been in use since the 1970s, particularly in studies of species in which suckling is difficult to observe. Only one study has attempted to correlate behavioural measures with independent isotope measures, and it found no relationship between the two measures. I suggest that researchers have avoided such a test as it is unlikely that a strong relationship will be found between milk transfer and suckling behaviour, and I discuss the various factors that confound the relationship and contribute to high heterogeneity between studies. Consequently, the assumption that milk transfer can be measured by time spent suckling has inadequate empirical foundation, and needs to be tested using isotope-labelling methods. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour
	Address	Department of Ecology, Massey University
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-3472	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:9784199			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	419
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	Author	Tomasello, M.; Call, J.; Hare, B.
	Title	Five primate species follow the visual gaze of conspecifics			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Animal Behaviour.	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Behav.
	Volume	55	Issue	4	Pages	1063-1069
	Keywords
	Abstract	Individuals from five primate species were tested experimentally for their ability to follow the visual gaze of conspecifics to an outside object. Subjects were from captive social groups of chimpanzees,Pan troglodytes, sooty mangabeys,Cercocebus atys torquatus, rhesus macaques,Macaca mulatta, stumptail macaques,M. arctoides, and pigtail macaques,M. nemestrina. Experimental trials consisted of an experimenter inducing one individual to look at food being displayed, and then observing the reaction of another individual (the subject) that was looking at that individual (not the food). Control trials consisted of an experimenter displaying the food in an identical manner when the subject was alone. Individuals from all species reliably followed the gaze of conspecifics, looking to the food about 80% of the time in experimental trials, compared with about 20% of the time in control trials. Results are discussed in terms of both the proximate mechanisms that might be involved and the adaptive functions that might be served by gaze-following.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	592
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	Author	Birch, H.L.; Bailey, A.J.; Goodship, A.E.
	Title	Macroscopic 'degeneration' of equine superficial digital flexor tendon is accompanied by a change in extracellular matrix composition			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Equine Veterinary Journal	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J
	Volume	30	Issue	6	Pages	534-539
	Keywords	Animals; Collagen/analysis; DNA/analysis; Extracellular Matrix/chemistry; Glycosaminoglycans/analysis; Horses/injuries/physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Rupture/veterinary; Tendon Injuries/metabolism/pathology/veterinary; Tendons/chemistry/*pathology; Water/analysis
	Abstract	Injuries to the superficial digital flexor tendon are common in horses required to gallop and jump at speed. Partial rupture of this tendon usually occurs in the central core of the midmetacarpal region and may be preceded by localised degenerative changes. Post mortem examination of apparently normal equine flexor tendons has revealed an abnormal macroscopic appearance in the central core, characterised by a reddish discolouration. We have previously shown that there is also physical damage to the collagen fibres. In the present study we tested the hypothesis that the abnormal appearance is accompanied by changes in the composition of the extracellular matrix of the tendon. Biochemical analysis of the extracellular matrix demonstrated an increase in total sulphated glycosaminoglycan content, increase in the proportion of type III collagen and decrease in collagen linked fluorescence in the central core of 'degenerated' tendons relative to tissue from the peripheral region of the same tendon. Dry matter content and total collagen content were not significantly different between tendon zones or normal and 'degenerated' tendons. These changes suggest a change in cell metabolism and matrix turnover in the central core of the tendon and are likely to contribute to a decrease in mechanical properties in this part of the tendon, predisposing to the characteristic partial rupture of the tendon.
	Address	Veterinary Basic Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, UK
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0425-1644	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:9844973			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3794
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	Author	Veissier, I.; Boissy, A.; Nowak, R.; Orgeur, P.; Poindron, P.
	Title	Ontogeny of social awareness in domestic herbivores			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Applied Animal Behaviour Science	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
	Volume	57	Issue	3-4	Pages	233-245
	Keywords	Animal; Environment; Relationship
	Abstract	It is now well established that domestic animals construct responses to their environment that depend on experience and on integration of several features of the environment, including social partners. This ability to be aware of the environment is not fully developed at birth but improves and varies through the animal's life. This topic is discussed on the basis of social processes in sheep and cattle. Social relationships of an animal with its conspecifics develop with age; they do not merely depend on pre-programmed behaviours but rely at least in part on learning of characteristics of the partners. Soon after birth, a strong preferential bond establishes with the dam then to a lesser extent, the young associates to other members of the flock, especially other young. The attractiveness of the group varies later in life due to external events or to physiological state: the abrupt separation from the dam at artificial weaning strengthens bonds between peers, whereas around parturition, females are less disturbed by isolation from the group. More recently, the awareness of social partners has been described in non-social contexts: the animal modifies its responses to events according to the presence of partners, and also to their emotional state and behaviour. The effects of partners seem to depend on their relationship with the animal and also on the social motivation of that animal, which both vary during its life. We recommend study of the ontogeny of awareness using the model of social influences.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour Team @ birgit.flauger @			Serial	4326
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	Author	Khalil, A.M.; Murakami, N.; Kaseda, Y.
	Title	Relationship between plasma testosterone concentrations and age, breeding season and harem size in Misaki feral horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science	Abbreviated Journal	J Vet Med Sci
	Volume	60	Issue	5	Pages	643-645
	Keywords	Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Wild; Horses; Japan; Male; Reproduction; Seasons; Sexual Behavior, Animal; Sexual Maturation; Social Behavior; Testosterone/*blood
	Abstract	Jugular vein blood samples were collected from 23 young and sexual mature feral stallions to examine the relationship between plasma testosterone concentration and age, breeding season or harem size. Testosterone concentration increased with the age of the stallions until they formed their own harems, at about 4 to 6 years old. Seasonal variations in testosterone concentrations were observed, and found to be significantly higher (P<0.001) throughout the breeding season than non-breeding season, from 3 years of age. Testosterone levels were correlated with harem size for individual stallions. It can be inferred from these results that there is a relationship between plasma testosterone concentration and age, breeding season and harem size.
	Address	Laboratory of Animal Behavioral Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Miyazaki University, Japan
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0916-7250	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:9637303			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	137
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	Author	Jolly, A.
	Title	Pair-bonding, female aggression and the evolution of lemur societies			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Folia Primatologica; International Journal of Primatology	Abbreviated Journal	Folia Primatol (Basel)
	Volume	69 Suppl 1	Issue		Pages	1-13
	Keywords	Aggression; Animals; Evolution; Female; Intelligence; Lemur/psychology; Male; *Pair Bond; Sex Factors; Social Dominance; Strepsirhini/psychology
	Abstract	Lemur societies have been described as convergent with those of anthropoids, including Papio-like female-bonded multi-male groups. Recent research, however, shows at least 5 pair-bonded species among the Lemuridae and Indriidae. Three more, Eulemur mongoz, Eulemur fulvus and Varecia variegata, have societies combining aspects of pairing with aspects of troop life. The best-known female-bonded societies, those of Lemur catta, Propithecus diadema edwardsi and Propithecus verreauxi, may be assemblages of mother-daughter dyads, capable of high aggression towards other females, but derived from more solitary female ancestors, perhaps also living as pairs. The internal structure of such lemur groups differs from the more extensive kin groups of catarrhines. This in turn may relate to the lemurs' level of social intelligence and to lemur female dominance over males.
	Address	Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, N.J. 08544, USA. ajolly@princeton.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0015-5713	ISBN		Medium
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	Notes	PMID:9595685			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4179
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	Author	Barwick, R.S.; Mohammed, H.O.; McDonough, P.L.; White, M.E.
	Title	Epidemiologic features of equine Leptospira interrogans of human significance			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Preventive Veterinary Medicine	Abbreviated Journal	Prev Vet Med
	Volume	36	Issue	2	Pages	153-165
	Keywords	Animals; Horse Diseases/epidemiology/microbiology; Horses/microbiology; Humans; Leptospira interrogans; New York/epidemiology; Weil Disease/epidemiology/microbiology/veterinary; Zoonoses/epidemiology/microbiology
	Abstract	Leptospirosis is a zoonotic bacterial disease caused by Leptospira interrogans. There is a serologic evidence that horses are exposed to L. interrogans and, as a shedder of these organisms, can be a threat to humans. We examined risk factors associated with the risk of testing seropositive to three L. interrogans serovars (L. icterohaemorrhagiae, L. grippotyphosa, and L. canicola) in the horses of New York State, in order to understand the epidemiology of the disease and suggest strategies to control and prevent equine leptospirosis. To carry out this study, blood samples were collected from a random sample of 2551 horses and tested for the presence of antibodies to the above serovars using the microscopic agglutination test. Samples with a titer $100 were considered positive. Clinical and demographic data were collected on each horse, the farms' management practices and ecology. Logistic regression analysis was used to develop a multivariate indexing system and to identify factors significantly associated with the risk of leptospirosis. Four indices were developed based on the possible sources of exposure: rodent exposure index; wildlife exposure index; soil and water index; and management index. The soil and water index was significantly associated with the risk of exposure to all three serovars. Management was positively associated with L. icterohaemorrhagiae and L. canicola. Density of horses turned out together was positively associated with the risk of exposure to L. grippotyphosa. We concluded that indirect exposure of horses to L. interrogans through contaminated soil and water appears to be significantly associated with the risk of exposure to all three serovars. Management appears to play an important role in the exposure to L. interrogans. Modification of management practices might reduce the horses' risk of exposure and hopefully minimize the human hazards.
	Address	Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0167-5877	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:9762736			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2653
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	Author	Cooper, J.J.; Mason, G.J.
	Title	The identification of abnormal behaviour and behavioural problems in stabled horses and their relationship to horse welfare: a comparative review			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Equine Veterinary Journal. Supplement	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J Suppl
	Volume		Issue	27	Pages	5-9
	Keywords	Animal Welfare; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Horses/psychology; Housing, Animal/standards; *Stereotyped Behavior
	Abstract	Many behaviours in domestic animals, such as the 'stable vices' of horses, are treated because they are considered undesirable for economic or cultural reasons, and not because the activity affects the horse's quality of life. The impact of a behaviour on the human reporter is not a function of its impact on the animal performer, and an understanding of the causes and effects of the particular activity is necessary to assess the costs and benefits of treatment. Where the behaviour is a sign of poor welfare, such as an inadequate environment, treatment can best be achieved by removing these underlying causal factors. Pharmacological or physical prevention of a behaviour can be justified only if the behaviour causes harm to the performer or to others. In these cases, prevention of the behaviour without addressing its causes is no cure and may result in its perseverance in a modified form or the disruption of the animal's ability to adapt to its environment. Where the behavioural 'problem' causes no harm and is not related to poor housing, then the education of the reporter, rather than treatment of the performer, may be the best solution.
	Address	Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, UK
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes	PMID:10484995			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	1933
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	Author	Oliveira, R. F.; McGregor, P.K.; Latruffe, C.
	Title	Know thine enemy: fighting fish gather information from observing conspecific interactions			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci.
	Volume	265	Issue	1401	Pages	1045-1049
	Keywords
	Abstract	Many of the signals that animals use to communicate transmit relatively large distances and therefore encompass several potential signallers and receivers. This observation challenges the common characterization of animal communication systems as consisting of one signaller and one receiver. Furthermore, it suggests that the evolution of communication behaviour must be considered as occurring in the context of communication networks rather than dyads. Although considerations of selection pressures acting upon signallers in the context of communication networks have rarely been expressed in such terms, it has been noted that many signals exchanged during aggressive interactions will transmit far further than required for information transfer between the individuals directly involved, suggesting that these signals have been designed to be received by other, more distant, individuals. Here we consider the potential for receivers in communication networks to gather information, one aspect of which has been termed eavesdropping. We show that male Betta splendens monitor aggressive interactions between neighbouring conspecifics and use the information on relative fighting ability in subsequent aggressive interactions with the males they have observed.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
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	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
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	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2168
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