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Author |
Khalil, A.M.; Kaseda, Y. |
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Title |
Behavioral patterns and proximate reason of young male separation in Misaki feral horses |
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Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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54 |
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4 |
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281-289 |
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Keywords |
Misaki feral horse; Horse maternal-filial bond; Social behavior; Separation season; Separation reason |
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Abstract |
The present investigation was undertaken to study the proximate reasons why and the behavioral patterns of young male Misaki feral horses when they left their natal band or mothers. We observed a total of ten young males twice a month from January 1988 to December 1995. Almost all young males left their natal band or mothers at between 1 and 4 years of age. We found that, during the separation process, all the young males from first parity dams returned several times after the initial separation, indicating a strong attachment between primiparous mares and their male offspring. The other five separated only once without rejoining. Our observations showed five variable behavior patterns of young males at separation time, depending on the consort relation between their mothers and harem stallion and the reason for separation at that time. Eight young males separated in the non-breeding season at average 2.1 years and the other two separated in the breeding season at average 3 years and the average difference was not significant. These results revealed that 80% of the young males separated voluntarily when the natural resources become poor whereas 20% separated when their siblings were born. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2209 |
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Author |
Anderson JR; Gallup GG |
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Title |
Self-recognition in Saguinus? A critical essay |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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54 |
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1563 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2978 |
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Author |
Bugnyar T; Huber L |
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Title |
Push or pull: an experimental study on imitation in marmosets |
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Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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54 |
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817 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2984 |
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Author |
Hauser MD; Kralik J |
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Title |
Life beyond the mirror: a reply to Anderson & Gallup |
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Year |
1997 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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54 |
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1568 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3002 |
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Author |
Inoue-Nakamura N; Matsuzawa T |
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Title |
Development of stone tool use by wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) |
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Year |
1997 |
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J. Comp. Psychol. |
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111 |
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159 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3009 |
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Author |
Povinelli DJ; Gallup GG; Eddy TJ; Bierschwale DT; Engstrom MC |
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Title |
Chimpanzees recognize themselves in mirrors |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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Volume |
53 |
Issue |
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Pages |
1083 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3029 |
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Author |
Hauser MD |
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Title |
Artifactual kinds and functional design features: what a primate understands without language |
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Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Cognition |
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64 |
Issue |
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285 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3064 |
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Author |
Bekoff M. |
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Title |
Deep Ethology, Animal Rights, and the Great Ape/Animal Project: Resisting Speciesism and Expanding the Community of Equals |
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Year |
1997 |
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Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics |
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10 |
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269-296 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3470 |
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Author |
Shmidt Mech, L.D. |
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Title |
Wolf pack size and food acquisition |
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Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Am Nat |
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150 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Shmidt Mech1997 |
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6482 |
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Author |
Mesterton-Gibbons, M.; Dugatkin, L.A. |
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Title |
Cooperation and the Prisoner's Dilemma: towards testable models of mutualism versus reciprocity |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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Volume |
54 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
551-557 |
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Abstract |
For the purpose of distinguishing between mutualism and reciprocity in nature, recent work on the evolution of cooperation has both oversimplifed and undersimplified the distinction between these two categories of cooperation. This article addresses the resulting issues of model testability, clarifies the role of time and argues that the category of `pseudo-reciprocity' is an unnecessary complication. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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480 |
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