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| Author | Monard, A.-M.; Duncan, P.; Fritz, H.; Feh, C. | ||||
| Title | Variations in the birth sex ratio and neonatal mortality in a natural herd of horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1997 | Publication | Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
| Volume | 41 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 243-249 |
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| Abstract | Variations in birth sex ratios and sex differences in juvenile mortality occur in a number of mammalian species, and in many cases have been linked to resource availability. Most of these biases in offspring sex ratios concern polygynous species with pronounced sexual dimorphism, and where females only are philopatric. Data on species with unusual life-history strategies, such as slight sexual dimorphism or dispersal by both sexes, are of particular interest. In this study of a natural herd of horses (Equus caballus) which experienced an eruptive cycle, and therefore a period of nutritional stress, male offspring had higher neonatal mortality rates in nutritionally poor years than in good ones, whereas “year quality” had no effect on the mortality of female offspring; year quality could therefore be used by mares as predictor of sex-specific offspring survival. We show that the environmental conditions that predicted lower survival of males were negatively related to their production: the birth sex ratio the following year was female-biased; and mares were less likely to produce a son when they had produced a son the preceding year. There was no significant effect of mother's parity, age or rank, or the timing of conception or birth on offspring sex ratios. The mechanism leading to biases in the birth sex ratio could have been the loss of male embryos by mares that did not foal. As there was no evidence for selective abortion of male foetuses in females that did foal the next year, it is not necessary to invoke maternal adjustment, though this remains a possibility. Finally, there was a suggestion that male offspring were more costly to raise than females, since mothers that reared a son in poor years tended to experience an increase in the interbirth interval between their two subsequent offspring. | ||||
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| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2388 | ||
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| Author | Gallagher, M.; Rapp, P.R. | ||||
| Title | The Use Of Animal Models To Study The Effects Of Aging On Cognition | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1997 | Publication | Annual Review of Psychology | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 48 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 339-370 |
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| Abstract | This review addresses the importance of animal models for understanding the effects of normal aging on the brain and cognitive functions. First, studies of laboratory animals can help to distinguish between healthy aging and pathological conditions that may contribute to cognitive decline late in life. Second, research on individual differences in aging, a theme of interest in studies of elderly human beings, can be advanced by the experimental control afforded in the use of animal models. The review offers a neuropsychological framework to compare the effects of aging in human beings, monkeys, and rodents. We consider aging in relation to the role of the medial temporal lobe in memory, the information processing functions of the prefrontal cortex in the strategic use of memory, and the regulation of attention by distributed neural circuitry. We also provide an overview of the neurobiological effects of aging that may account for alterations in psychological functions. | ||||
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| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2971 | ||
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| Author | Flannery, B. | ||||
| Title | Relational discrimination learning in horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1997 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 54 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 267-280 |
| Keywords | Horses; Shaping; Complex discrimination; Concept formation; Generalization ability; Training | ||||
| Abstract | This series of studies investigated horses' ability to learn the concept of sameness under several different conditions. Before experimentation began, three horses were shaped to touch individually presented stimuli with their muzzles, and then to make two responses to two matching cards from an array of three. A modified version of the identity matching-to-sample (IMTS) procedure was used to present stimuli in a variety of configural arrangements on a barn wall (Experiment 1 and Experiment 2), and on a flat panel mounted to a barn door (Experiment 3). The task in each experiment was to select the two stimulus cards that were the same (either circles or Xs) and to avoid the nonmatching stimulus card (either a star or a square). In Experiment 1, the mean accuracy rate for selecting the matching alternatives was 74%. The horses' accuracy levels reached a mean level of 83% during Experiment 2, in which they received additional trials and an intermittent secondary reinforcement schedule. In Experiment 3, when the stimuli were moved further apart from each other within arrangements and were presented on a novel background, the mean accuracy rate was 73%. These data demonstrate that horses can learn complex discrimination problems involving the concept of sameness, and that they are able to generalize this learning to a novel stimulus presentation situation. These results also suggest that a relational discrimination test may be useful for assessing horses' learning ability and the level of training appropriate for individual horses. | ||||
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| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3557 | ||
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| Author | Le Scolan, N.; Hausberger, M.; Wolff, A. | ||||
| Title | Stability over situations in temperamental traits of horses as revealed by experimental and scoring approaches | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1997 | Publication | Behavioural Processes | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Process. |
| Volume | 41 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 257-266 |
| Keywords | Behavioural tests; Horse; Ratings; Temperament | ||||
| Abstract | Individual behavioural reactions of adult horses in a variety of experimental tests were compared with ratings by riding teachers. The tests were made in a non working situation, with the animals being released in an arena, a box (arena test, new object test, learning tests) or handled (new object/handling situation). The traits rated by teachers were fearfulness, nervousness, gregariousness and learning abilities at work (ridden or handled). Despite a great homogeneity in the reactions exhibited by the horses in the different situations, large individual differences were present. Correlations appeared between the reactivity in the arena test and the score of gregariousness, between the reactivity in the novel object test and the rating of nervousness when ridden, between the results in the handling test and the rating of general fearfulness and between the ability to memorise an instrumental task and the score of general learning ability. Such results strengthen the idea that there are underlying behavioural dispositions that are stable across situations and that the experimental tests may be good predictors of the temperament in untrained animals. | ||||
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| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3591 | ||
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| Author | Bayley,L.; Maxwell, R. (eds) | ||||
| Title | Understanding Your Horse: How to Overcome Common Behaviour Problems | Type | Book Whole | ||
| Year | 1997 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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| Abstract | Editorial Reviews From Booklist “Problem” horses are usually horses that are trying to tell their owners that something is wrong and reacting in the only way they know how. Lesley Bayley leads the reader through Richard Maxwell's system of understanding equine psychology and for overcoming some of the natural responses that horses use in situations that frighten or confuse them. Beginning with two chapters on how horses communicate with each other (and with their owners), the authors go on to describe the effects of pain on the horse's behavior. Two chapters on establishing trust with older, difficult horses and with “starting” (breaking in) foals and young horses lead into the final sections on dealing with specific behavioral problems. The authors stress that positive reinforcement of desired behaviors will achieve the desired results, and that understanding why a horse is acting the way it does goes a long way toward getting it to develop desirable habits or toward changing undesirable conduct. This will be an extremely useful adjunct to all of the how-to books on riding and horse care. Nancy Bent Book Description A wealth of sound advice on how to “listen to” and really understand your horse, with a caring approach to techniques for training and overcoming behavioral problems. |
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| Publisher | Trafalgar Square Publishing | Place of Publication | Editor | Bayley,L.; Maxwell, R. | |
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| ISSN | ISBN | 978-1570760730 | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3593 | ||
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| Author | Rundgren, M.; Nordin, A. | ||||
| Title | Personality profile and simple learning tests for horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1997 | Publication | Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the European Association of Animal Production | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-4 | ||
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| Publisher | Place of Publication | Vienna | Editor | ||
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| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3598 | ||
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| Author | Foster, T.M.; Matthews, L.R.; Temple, W.; Poling, A. | ||||
| Title | Concurrent schedule performance in domestic goats: persistent undermatching | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1997 | Publication | Behavioural Processes | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Process. |
| Volume | 40 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 231-237 |
| Keywords | Matching equation; Undermatching; Variable-interval schedule; Nose-press response; Goats | ||||
| Abstract | Performance of nine domestic goats responding under concurrent variable-interval variable-interval schedules of food delivery was examined, with results analyzed in terms of the generalized matching equation. Substantial undermatching of response and time allocation ratios to obtained reinforcement ratios was evident. Post-reinforcement pause time ratios approximately matched obtained reinforcement ratios. Subtracting these times from total time allocation values yielded net time allocation ratios, which undermatched obtained reinforcement ratios to a greater degree than whole-session time allocation ratios. Slopes of regression lines relating behavioral outputs to environmental inputs characteristically were below 0.6, which is similar to previous findings in dairy cows tested under comparable conditions. | ||||
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| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3602 | ||
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| Author | Foster, T.M.; Temple, W.; Cameron, B.; Poling, A. | ||||
| Title | Demand curves for food in hens: Similarity under fixed-ratio and progressive-ratio schedules | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1997 | Publication | Behavioural Processes | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Process. |
| Volume | 39 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 177-185 |
| Keywords | Progressive-ratio schedule; Fixed-ratio schedule; Demand curves; Behavioral economics; Animal welfare; Keypecking; Chickens | ||||
| Abstract | Demand curves were generated for five domestic hens under progressive-ratio 5 schedules of food delivery and under fixed-ratio schedules of food delivery that began at fixed-ratio 5 and were incremented by 5 each session. All sessions ended after 10 consecutive minutes without a response. Although response rates at a given ratio were higher under the progressive-ratio schedule, all hens completed higher ratios under the fixed-ratio schedule. Similar, but not identical, demand curves were generated under progressive-ratio and fixed-ratio schedules. Under both schedules, consumption (reinforcers earned) decreased as cost (ratio size) increased. Data generally were well described by an equation in which elasticity of demand is constant, although an equation in which elasticity could vary accounted for slightly more of the variance. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3603 | ||
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| Author | Darwin , Charles | ||||
| Title | The Descent of Man; Reprint edition | Type | Book Whole | ||
| Year | 1997 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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| Publisher | Prometheus Books; | Place of Publication | Amherst, New York | Editor | |
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| ISSN | ISBN | 978-1573921763 | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4095 | ||
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| Author | Krebs, J.R.; Davies, N.B. | ||||
| Title | Behavioural ecology : an evolutionary approach | Type | Book Whole | ||
| Year | 1997 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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| Abstract | ntended for graduate and upper level undergraduate courses in behavioural ecology where students are already familiar with the basic ideas, this book continues to define the subject. A completely new set of contributions has been brought together once more to take account of the many exciting new developments in the field. Each chapter presents a balanced view of the subject, integrating a clear exposition of the theory with a critical discussion of how predictions have been tested by experiments and comparative studies. In addition, the book points to unreconciled issues and possible future developments. Edited by two of the most highly regarded experts in the field, this new volume contains contributions from an international authorship and continues the tradition of clarity and accessibility established by the three previous editions. | ||||
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| Publisher | Blackwell Science | Place of Publication | Cambridge, Mass. | Editor | |
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| ISSN | ISBN | 0865427313 9780865427310 | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ 35114973 | Serial | 4276 | ||
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