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Author Sterck, E.; Watts, D.; van Schaik, C.
Title The evolution of female social relationships in nonhuman primates Type Journal Article
Year 1997 Publication Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Abbreviated Journal Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.
Volume 41 Issue 5 Pages 291-309
Keywords ecology; matrilocal; primate; social; theory
Abstract Considerable interspeci®c variation in female social relationships occurs in gregarious primates, particularly with regard to agonism and cooperation between females and to the quality of female relationships with males. This variation exists alongside variation in female philopatry and dispersal. Socioecological theories have tried to explain variation in female-female social relationships from an evolutionary perspective focused on ecological factors, notably predation and food distribution. According to the current ``ecological model'', predation risk forces females of most diurnal primate species to live in groups; the strength of the contest component of competition for resources within and between groups then largely determines social relationships between females. Social elationships among gregarious females are here characterized as DispersalEgalitarian, Resident-Nepotistic, Resident-Nepotistic-Tolerant, or Resident-Egalitarian. This ecological model has successfully explained i&#128;erences in the occurrence of formal submission signals, decided dominance relation ships, coalitions and female philopatry. Group size and female rank generally a&#128;ect female reproduction success as the model predicts, and studies of closely related species in di&#128;erent ecological circumstances underscore the importance of the model. Some cases, however, can only be explained when we extend the model to incorporate the e&#128;ects of infanticide risk and habitat saturation. We review evidence in support of the ecological model and test the power of alternative models that invoke between-group competition, forced female philopatry, demographic female recruitment, male interventions into female aggression, and male harassment.

Not one of these models can replace the ecological model, which already encompasses the between-group competition. Currently the best model, which explains

several phenomena that the ecological model does not, is a ``socioecological model'' based on the combined importance of ecological factors, habitat saturation and infanticide avoidance. We note some points of similarity and divergence with other mammalian taxa; these remain to be explored in detail.
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Call Number (up) Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5227
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Author Whiten A.; Byrne, R. W. (eds)
Title Machiavellian Intelligence II – Extensions and Evaluations Type Book Whole
Year 1997 Publication Abbreviated Journal
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Publisher Cambridge University Press Place of Publication Cambridge Editor Whiten A.; Byrne, R. W.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number (up) Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5233
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Author Huber, R.; van Staaden, M.J.; Kaufman, L.S.; Liem, K.F.
Title Microhabitat Use, Trophic Patterns, and the Evolution of Brain Structure in African Cichlids Type Journal Article
Year 1997 Publication Brain, Behavior and Evolution Abbreviated Journal Brain Behav Evol
Volume 50 Issue 3 Pages 167-182
Keywords
Abstract The species assemblages of cichlids in the three largest African Great Lakes are among the richest concentrations of vertebrate species on earth. The faunas are broadly similar in terms of trophic diversity, species richness, rates of endemism, and taxonomic composition, yet they are historically independent of each other. Hence, they offer a true and unique evolutionary experiment to test hypotheses concerning the mutual dependencies of ecology and brain morphology. We examined the brains of 189 species of cichlids from the three large lakes: Victoria, Tanganyika, and Malawi. A first paper demonstrated that patterns of evolutionary change in cichlid brain morphology are similar across taxonomic boundaries as well as across the three lakes [van Staaden et al., 1995 ZACS 98: 165–178]. Here we report a close relationship between the relative sizes of various brain structures and variables related to the utilization of habitat and prey. Causality is difficult to assign in this context, nonetheless, prey size and agility, turbidity levels, depth, and substrate complexity are all highly predictive of variation in brain structure. Areas associated with primary sensory functions such as vision and taste relate significantly to differences in feeding habits. Turbidity and depth are closely associated with differences in eye size, and large eyes are associated with species that pick plankton from the water column. Piscivorous taxa and others that utilize motile prey are characterized by a well developed optic tectum and a large cerebellum compared to species that prey on molluscs or plants. Structures relating to taste are well developed in species feeding on benthos over muddy or sandy substrates. The data militated against the existence of compensatory changes in brain structure. Thus enhanced development of a particular function is generally not accompanied by a parallel reduction of structures related to other modalities. Although genetic and environmental influences during ontogeny of the brain cannot be isolated, this study provides a rich source of hypotheses concerning the way the nervous system functions under various environmental conditions and how it has responded to natural selection.
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ISSN 0006-8977 ISBN Medium
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Call Number (up) Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5454
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Author Rogers, L.J.
Title Early Experiential Effects on Laterality: Research on Chicks has Relevance to Other Species Type Journal Article
Year 1997 Publication Laterality Abbreviated Journal Laterality
Volume 2 Issue 3-4 Pages 199-219
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Abstract The influence of early experience on the development of lateralisation of hemispheric function was further investigated, using the chick as a model. A range of functions are lateralised in the chick and these correlate with asymmetry in the organisation of the visual projections. Chicks using the right eye and, therefore, primarily the left hemisphere are able to switch from pecking randomly at grain and pebbles to pecking mainly at grain, whereas those using the left eye and primarily the right hemisphere continue to peck at random. Exposure to light during the last days of incubation establishes this lateralisation in males, as a consequence of the embryo being oriented in the egg so that the left eye only is occluded. Males incubated in the dark peck at random when using either the right or left eye. Irrespective of light experience, females perform the same as darkincubated males: they are not influenced by light exposure. Monocular performance of the pebble-grain task is compared to binocular performance, and the sensitive period for the influence of light is delineated. The interactive effects of sex hormone levels on the differentiation of lateralisation are discussed and also the relevance of the results to other species, including humans.
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Publisher Psychology Press Place of Publication Editor
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Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN 1357-650x ISBN Medium
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Notes doi: 10.1080/713754277 Approved no
Call Number (up) Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5587
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Author Schultz, W.; Dayan, P.; Montague, P.R.
Title A Neural Substrate of Prediction and Reward Type Journal Article
Year 1997 Publication Science Abbreviated Journal
Volume 275 Issue 5306 Pages 1593-1599
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Abstract The capacity to predict future events permits a creature to detect, model, and manipulate the causal structure of its interactions with its environment. Behavioral experiments suggest that learning is driven by changes in the expectations about future salient events such as rewards and punishments. Physiological work has recently complemented these studies by identifying dopaminergic neurons in the primate whose fluctuating output apparently signals changes or errors in the predictions of future salient and rewarding events. Taken together, these findings can be understood through quantitative theories of adaptive optimizing control.
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Call Number (up) Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5749
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Author Palme, R.; Moestl, E.
Title Measurement of cortisol metabolites in faeces of sheep as a parameter of cortisol concentration in blood Type Journal Article
Year 1997 Publication Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde Abbreviated Journal J. Mammal. Biol.
Volume 62 Issue Pages 192-197
Keywords glucocorticoids, metabolites, animal biology, sheep, immunoenzyme techniques,
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Call Number (up) Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6044
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Author Kräußlich, H.; Brem, G.
Title Tierzucht und allgemeine Landwirtschaftslehre für Tiermediziner Type Book Whole
Year 1997 Publication Abbreviated Journal
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Publisher Enke Place of Publication Stuttgart Editor
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Notes Approved no
Call Number (up) Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6542
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Author Russell, C.L.; Bard, K.A.; Adamson, L.B.
Title Social referencing by young chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) Type Journal Article
Year 1997 Publication Journal of Comparative Psychology Abbreviated Journal J. Comp. Psychol.
Volume 111 Issue 2 Pages 185-191
Keywords happy & fear messages concerning novel objects from familiar human caregiver, social referencing, 14–41 mo old chimpanzees
Abstract Social referencing is the seeking of information from another individual and the use of that information to evaluate a situation. It is a well-documented ability in human infants but has not been studied experimentally in nonhuman primates. Seventeen young nursery-reared chimpanzees (14 to 41 months old) were observed in a standard social referencing paradigm in which they received happy and fear messages concerning novel objects from a familiar human caregiver. Each chimpanzee looked referentially at their caregiver, and the emotional messages that they received differentially influenced their gaze behavior and avoidance of the novel objects. It is concluded that chimpanzees can acquire information about their complex social and physical environments through social referencing and can use emotional information to alter their own behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)
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Publisher US: American Psychological Association Place of Publication Editor
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ISSN 1939-2087(Electronic);0735-7036(Print) ISBN Medium
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Notes Approved no
Call Number (up) Equine Behaviour @ team @ 1997-06365-008 Serial 5603
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Author Krebs, J.R.; Davies, N.B.
Title Behavioural ecology : an evolutionary approach Type Book Whole
Year 1997 Publication Abbreviated Journal
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Abstract ntended for graduate and upper level undergraduate courses in behavioural ecology where students are already familiar with the basic ideas, this book continues to define the subject. A completely new set of contributions has been brought together once more to take account of the many exciting new developments in the field. Each chapter presents a balanced view of the subject, integrating a clear exposition of the theory with a critical discussion of how predictions have been tested by experiments and comparative studies. In addition, the book points to unreconciled issues and possible future developments. Edited by two of the most highly regarded experts in the field, this new volume contains contributions from an international authorship and continues the tradition of clarity and accessibility established by the three previous editions.
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Publisher Blackwell Science Place of Publication Cambridge, Mass. Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
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ISSN ISBN 0865427313 9780865427310 Medium
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Notes Approved no
Call Number (up) Equine Behaviour @ team @ 35114973 Serial 4276
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Author Giraldeau, Luc-Alain
Title The ecology of information use Type Book Chapter
Year 1997 Publication Behavioural ecology : an evolutionary approach Abbreviated Journal
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Publisher Blackwell Science Place of Publication Cambridge, Mass. Editor Krebs, J.R.; Davies, N.B.
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ISSN ISBN 0865427313 9780865427310 Medium
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Call Number (up) Equine Behaviour @ team @ 35114973 Serial 4277
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