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Author |
Livoreil, B.; Giraldeau, L. |
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Title |
Patch departure decisions by spice finches foraging singly or in groups |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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54 |
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4 |
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967-977 |
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The marginal value theorem predicts that when resources are clumped in space, a forager can maximize its rate of intake by deciding to leave a patch when its current feeding rate falls below the average for the habitat. A group version of the model predicts that when rate-maximizing group members share a patch, they should leave sooner, and each with less gain, than single animals exploiting the same patch. We tested these predictions in the laboratory by measuring patch departure decisions of spice finches, Lonchura punctulataexploiting food patches alone or in groups of three under two habitats that require different travel times. As predicted, group members left the patch sooner and with fewer seeds than single foragers. Unlike the model's assumptions, however, birds did not share the patch equally, and their exploitation curves could not be simply derived from those of single foragers. Grouping decreased the effect of travel time on patch exploitation. Moreover, within each group the bird expected to leave first delayed its departure although it collected fewer seeds than the others. This delayed departure could aim to maintain group membership. We noted an increased variability in seed number collected by group members compared with single foragers, which could be a cost of group foraging.Copyright 1997 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour1997The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour |
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Department of Biology, Concordia University |
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0003-3472 |
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PMID:9344448 |
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2138 |
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Author |
Clayton, H.M. |
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Title |
Classification of collected trot, passage and piaffe based on temporal variables |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Equine Veterinary Journal. Supplement |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J Suppl |
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Volume |
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Issue |
23 |
Pages |
54-57 |
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Analysis of Variance; Animals; Discriminant Analysis; Gait/*physiology; Hindlimb/physiology; Horses/*physiology; Locomotion/*physiology; Male; Running/physiology; Time Factors; Videotape Recording; Walking/physiology |
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The objective was to determine whether collected trot, passage and piaffe could be distinguished as separate gaits on the basis of temporal variables. Sagittal plane, 60 Hz videotapes of 10 finalists in the dressage competitions at the 1992 Olympic Games were analysed to measure the temporal variables in absolute terms and as percentages of stride duration. Classification was based on analysis of variance, a graphical method and discriminant analysis. Stride duration was sufficient to distinguish collected trot from passage and piaffe in all horses. The analysis of variance showed that the mean values of most variables differed significantly between passage and piaffe. When hindlimb stance percentage was plotted against diagonal advanced placement percentage, some overlap was found between all 3 movements indicating that individual horses could not be classified reliably in this manner. Using hindlimb stance percentage and diagonal advanced placement percentage as input in a discriminant analysis, 80% of the cases were classified correctly, but at least one horse was misclassified in each movement. When the absolute, rather than percentage, values of the 2 variables were used as input in the discriminant analysis, 90% of the cases were correctly classified and the only misclassifications were between passage and piaffe. However, the 2 horses in which piaffe was misclassified as passage were the gold and silver medallists. In general, higher placed horses tended toward longer diagonal advanced placements, especially in collected trot and passage, and shorter hindlimb stance percentages in passage and piaffe. |
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Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada |
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PMID:9354290 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3738 |
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Burns, T.E.; Clayton, H.M. |
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Title |
Comparison of the temporal kinematics of the canter pirouette and collected canter |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Equine Veterinary Journal. Supplement |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J Suppl |
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23 |
Pages |
58-61 |
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Animals; Forelimb/physiology; Gait/*physiology; Hindlimb/physiology; Horses/*physiology; Locomotion/*physiology; Movement/physiology; Time Factors; Videotape Recording; Walking/physiology |
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The objectives were to compare the temporal characteristics of canter pirouette strides with collected canter strides in elite dressage horses, and to determine whether the stride kinematics of the canter pirouettes fulfilled the requirements specified in the Federation Equestre Internationale Rules for Dressage Events. Eleven horses were videotaped (60 fields/s) during the individual medal competition at the 1992 Olympic Games. Temporal variables were extracted from the videotapes using standard methods. Two strides were analysed on each of the left and right leads and these were pooled to give mean values for the collected canter and the pirouettes. The pirouettes were completed in 4-9 strides, (mean of 6.4). In the collected canter strides, mean duration of the suspension was 0.013 s. There was no suspension in any of the pirouette strides, instead the stance phases of the leading forelimb and trailing hindlimb overlapped by a mean of 0.163 s. In 9 horses the trailing forelimb contacted the ground before the diagonal leading hindlimb in the collected canter, whereas in the pirouettes the leading hindlimb always made contact before the trailing forelimb (mean dissociation 0.164 s), giving the strides a distinct 4 beat rhythm. Due to increases in advanced placement between the diagonal limb pair and between the 2 forelimbs, the stride duration was longer in the pirouette (0.879 s) than the collected canter (0.629 s). It is concluded that the canter pirouette strides did not maintain the rhythm and timing of the the collected canter strides in any of the 11 horses. |
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Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada |
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PMID:9354291 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3737 |
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Khalil, A.M.; Kaseda, Y. |
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Title |
Behavioral patterns and proximate reason of young male separation in Misaki feral horses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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54 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
281-289 |
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Keywords |
Misaki feral horse; Horse maternal-filial bond; Social behavior; Separation season; Separation reason |
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Abstract |
The present investigation was undertaken to study the proximate reasons why and the behavioral patterns of young male Misaki feral horses when they left their natal band or mothers. We observed a total of ten young males twice a month from January 1988 to December 1995. Almost all young males left their natal band or mothers at between 1 and 4 years of age. We found that, during the separation process, all the young males from first parity dams returned several times after the initial separation, indicating a strong attachment between primiparous mares and their male offspring. The other five separated only once without rejoining. Our observations showed five variable behavior patterns of young males at separation time, depending on the consort relation between their mothers and harem stallion and the reason for separation at that time. Eight young males separated in the non-breeding season at average 2.1 years and the other two separated in the breeding season at average 3 years and the average difference was not significant. These results revealed that 80% of the young males separated voluntarily when the natural resources become poor whereas 20% separated when their siblings were born. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2209 |
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Author |
Barrey, E.; Galloux, P. |
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Title |
Analysis of the equine jumping technique by accelerometry |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Equine Veterinary Journal. Supplement |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J Suppl |
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Volume |
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Issue |
23 |
Pages |
45-49 |
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Keywords |
*Acceleration; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Forelimb/physiology; Hindlimb/physiology; Horses/*physiology; Locomotion/*physiology; Movement/physiology; Time Factors |
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The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the relationships between jumping technique and dorsoventral acceleration measured at the sternum. Eight saddle horses of various jumping abilities competed on a selective experimental show jumping course including 14 obstacles. An accelerometric belt fastened onto the thorax continuously measured the dorsoventral acceleration during the course. At each jump, 11 locomotor parameters (acceleration peaks, durations and stride frequency) were obtained from the dorsoventral acceleration-time curves. The type of obstacle significantly influenced the hindlimb acceleration peak at take-off and the landing acceleration peak (P<0.01). The poor jumpers exhibited a higher mean forelimb acceleration peak at take-off, a higher forelimb/hindlimb ratio between peaks of acceleration (F/H), and a lower approach stride frequency than good jumpers. Knocking over an obstacle was significantly associated with a low hindlimb acceleration peak at take-off and a high F/H ratio (P<0.01). In order to observe the continuous changes in the frequency domain of the dorsoventral acceleration during the approach and take-off phase, a Morlet's wavelet analysis was computed for each horse jumping over a series of 3 vertical obstacles. Different patterns of time-frequency images obtained by wavelet analysis were found when the horse either knocked over a vertical obstacle or cleared it. In the latter case, the image pattern showed an instantaneous increase in stride frequency at the end of the approach phase, and a marked energy content in the middle frequency range at take-off. |
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INRA Station de Genetique Quantitative et Appliquee, Groupe cheval, Jouy-en-Josas, France |
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PMID:9354288 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3796 |
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Author |
Huber, R.; van Staaden, M.J.; Kaufman, L.S.; Liem, K.F. |
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Title |
Microhabitat Use, Trophic Patterns, and the Evolution of Brain Structure in African Cichlids |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Brain, Behavior and Evolution |
Abbreviated Journal |
Brain Behav Evol |
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50 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
167-182 |
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The species assemblages of cichlids in the three largest African Great Lakes are among the richest concentrations of vertebrate species on earth. The faunas are broadly similar in terms of trophic diversity, species richness, rates of endemism, and taxonomic composition, yet they are historically independent of each other. Hence, they offer a true and unique evolutionary experiment to test hypotheses concerning the mutual dependencies of ecology and brain morphology. We examined the brains of 189 species of cichlids from the three large lakes: Victoria, Tanganyika, and Malawi. A first paper demonstrated that patterns of evolutionary change in cichlid brain morphology are similar across taxonomic boundaries as well as across the three lakes [van Staaden et al., 1995 ZACS 98: 165–178]. Here we report a close relationship between the relative sizes of various brain structures and variables related to the utilization of habitat and prey. Causality is difficult to assign in this context, nonetheless, prey size and agility, turbidity levels, depth, and substrate complexity are all highly predictive of variation in brain structure. Areas associated with primary sensory functions such as vision and taste relate significantly to differences in feeding habits. Turbidity and depth are closely associated with differences in eye size, and large eyes are associated with species that pick plankton from the water column. Piscivorous taxa and others that utilize motile prey are characterized by a well developed optic tectum and a large cerebellum compared to species that prey on molluscs or plants. Structures relating to taste are well developed in species feeding on benthos over muddy or sandy substrates. The data militated against the existence of compensatory changes in brain structure. Thus enhanced development of a particular function is generally not accompanied by a parallel reduction of structures related to other modalities. Although genetic and environmental influences during ontogeny of the brain cannot be isolated, this study provides a rich source of hypotheses concerning the way the nervous system functions under various environmental conditions and how it has responded to natural selection. |
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0006-8977 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5454 |
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Author |
Galloux, P.; Barrey, E. |
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Title |
Components of the total kinetic moment in jumping horses |
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Journal Article |
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1997 |
Publication |
Equine Veterinary Journal. Supplement |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J Suppl |
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23 |
Pages |
41-44 |
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Keywords |
Algorithms; Animals; Exertion/*physiology; Female; Gravitation; Horses/*physiology; Kinetics; Locomotion/*physiology; Male; Models, Biological; Movement/*physiology; Video Recording |
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Abstract |
Thirty horses were filmed with a panning camera operating at 50 frames/s as they jumped over a 1.20 x 1.20 m fence. The markers of 9 joints on the horse and 7 joints on the rider were tracked in 2D with the TrackEye system. The centre of gravity and moment of inertia of each segment were calculated using a geometric algorithm and a cylindric model, respectively. The kinetic moment of each part of the horse was calculated after filtering, and resampling of data. This method showed the relative contribution of each body segment to the body overall rotation during the take-off, jump and landing phases. It was found that the trunk, hindlimbs and head-neck had the greatest influence. The coordination between the motion of the body segments allowed the horse to control its angular speed of rotation over the fence. This remained nearly constant during the airborne phase (120 +/- 5 degrees/s). During the airborne phase, the kinetic moment was constant because its value was equal to the moment of the external forces (722 +/- 125 kg x m2/s). |
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Ecole Nationale d'Equitation, Terrefort, Saumur, France |
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PMID:9354287 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3797 |
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Author |
Parker, S.T. |
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Title |
A general model for the adaptive function of self-knowledge in animals and humans |
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Journal Article |
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1997 |
Publication |
Consciousness and Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Conscious Cogn |
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6 |
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1 |
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75-86 |
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*Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; *Awareness; Concept Formation; Evolution; Humans; Phylogeny; *Self Concept; Species Specificity |
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This article offers a general definition of self-knowledge that embraces all forms and levels of self-knowledge in animals and humans. It is hypothesized that various levels of self-knowledge constitute an ordinal scale such that each species in a lineage displays the forms of self-knowledge found in related species as well as new forms it and its sister species may have evolved. Likewise, it is hypothesized that these various forms of levels of self-knowledge develop in the sequence in which they evolved. Finally, a general hypothesis for the functional significance of self-knowledge is proposed along with subhypotheses regarding the adaptive significance of various levels of self-knowledge in mammals including human and nonhuman primates. The general hypothesis is that self-knowledge serves as a standard for assessing the qualities of conspecifics compared to those of the self. Such assessment is crucial to deciding among alternative reproductive and subsistence strategies. The qualities that are assessed, which vary across taxa, range from the size and strength of the self to its mathematical or musical abilities. This so-called assessment model of self-knowledge is based on evolutionary biological models for social selection and the role of assessment in animal communication. |
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Anthropology Department, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California, USA. Parker@Sonoma.edu |
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1053-8100 |
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PMID:9170562 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4160 |
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Author |
Church, R.M. |
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Title |
Quantitative models of animal learning and cognition |
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Journal Article |
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1997 |
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Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
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23 |
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4 |
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379-389 |
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Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; Computer Simulation; *Learning; *Models, Psychological; *Models, Theoretical |
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This article reviews the prerequisites for quantitative models of animal learning and cognition, describes the types of models, provides a rationale for the development of such quantitative models, describes criteria for their evaluation, and makes recommendations for the next generation of quantitative models. A modular approach to the development of models is described in which a procedure is considered as a generator of stimuli and a model is considered as a generator of responses. The goal is to develop models that, in combination with many different procedures, produce sequences of times of occurrence of events (stimuli and responses) that are indistinguishable from those produced by the animal under many experimental procedures and data analysis techniques. |
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Department of Psychology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA. russell_church@brown.edu |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:9335132 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2778 |
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Author |
Aureli, F.; de Waal, F.B. |
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Title |
Inhibition of social behavior in chimpanzees under high-density conditions |
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Journal Article |
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1997 |
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American journal of primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am. J. Primatol. |
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41 |
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3 |
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213-228 |
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Aggression/*psychology; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Crowding; Female; Male; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; Population Density; *Social Environment; Stress, Psychological |
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This is the first study to investigate the short-term effects of high population density on captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Subjects of the study were 45 chimpanzees living in five different groups at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center. The groups were observed under two conditions: 1) when they had access to both the indoor and outdoor sections of their enclosures; 2) during cold days when they were locked into the indoor runs, which reduced the available space by more than half. Under the high-density condition, allogrooming and submissive greetings decreased, but juvenile play increased. Remarkably, the rate of various forms of agonistic behavior, such as aggression, bluff charge, bluff display, and hooting, occurred less frequently under the high-density condition. This general decrease in adult social activity, including agonistic behavior, can be interpreted as an inhibition strategy to reduce opportunities for conflict when interindividual distances are reduced. This strategy is probably effective only in the short run, however. Behavioral indicators of anxiety, such as rough scratching and yawning, showed elevated rates, suggesting increased social tension under the high-density condition. |
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Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA |
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0275-2565 |
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PMID:9057966 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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203 |
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