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| Author | Sekuler, A.B.; Lee, J.A.; Shettleworth, S.J. | ||||
| Title | Pigeons do not complete partly occluded figures | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Perception | Abbreviated Journal | Perception |
Volume  |
25 | Issue | 9 | Pages | 1109-1120 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Columbidae; *Visual Perception | ||||
| Abstract | One of the most common obstacles to object perception is the fact that objects often occlude parts of themselves and parts of other objects. Perceptual completion has been studied extensively in humans, and researchers have shown that humans do complete partly occluded objects. In an effort to understand more about the mechanisms underlying completion, recent research has extended the study of perceptual completion to other mammalian species. Monkeys and mice also seem to complete two-dimensional representations of partly occluded objects. The present study addresses the question of whether this capacity generalizes to a nonmammalian species, the pigeon (Columba livia). The results point to a limit of the generalizability of perceptual completion: pigeons do not complete partly occluded figures. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0301-0066 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:8983050 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 377 | ||
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| Author | Doré,F.Y.; Fiset,S.; Goulet,S.; Dumans,M.-C.; Gagnon,S. | ||||
| Title | Search behavior in cats and dogs Interspecific differences in working memory and spatial cognition | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Animal Learning & Behavior | Abbreviated Journal | Anim Learn. & Behav. |
| Volume |
24 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 142-149 |
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| Abstract | Cats and dogs search behavior was compared in different problems where an object was visibly moved behind a screen that was then visibly moved to a new position. In Experiments 1 (cats) and 2 (dogs), one group was tested with identical screens and the other group was tested with dissimilar screens. Results showed that in both species, search behavior was based on processing of spatial information rather than on recognition of the visual features of the target screen. Cats and dogs were unable to find the object by inferring its invisible movement. They reached a high level of success only if there was direct perceptual evidence that the object could not be at its initial position. When the position change was indicated by an indirect cue, cats searched more at the object`s initial than final position, whereas dogs searched equally at both positions. Interspecific similarities and differences are interpreted in terms of the requirements for resetting working memory. |
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 537 | ||
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| Author | Zentall, T.R.; Sherburne, L.M.; Roper, K.L.; Kraemer, P.J. | ||||
| Title | Value transfer in a simultaneous discrimination appears to result from within-event pavlovian conditioning | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes | Abbreviated Journal | J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
| Volume |
22 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 68-75 |
| Keywords | Animals; Behavior, Animal; Columbidae; *Conditioning, Classical; *Discrimination Learning; Female; Male; *Reinforcement (Psychology) | ||||
| Abstract | When pigeons acquire a simple simultaneous discrimination, some of the value acquired by the S+ transfers to the S-. The mechanism underlying this transfer of value was examined in three experiments. In Experiment 1, pigeons trained on two simultaneous discriminations (A + B- and C +/- D-) showed a preference for B over D. This preference was reduced, however, following the devaluation of A. In Experiment 2, when after the same original training, value was given to D, the pigeons' preference for C did not significantly increase. In Experiment 3, when both discriminations involved partial reinforcement (S +/-), A + C- training resulted in a preference for B over D, whereas B + D- training resulted in a preference for A over C. Thus, simultaneous discrimination training appears to result in bidirectional within-event conditioning involving the S+ and S-. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky Lexington 40506, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0097-7403 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:8568497 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 255 | ||
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| Author | Treichler, F.R.; Van Tilburg, D. | ||||
| Title | Concurrent Conditional Discrimination Tests of Transitive Inference by Macaque Monkeys: List Linking | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes | Abbreviated Journal | J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
| Volume |
22 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 105-117 |
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| Abstract | Processing of serial information was assessed by training six macaques on a five-item list of objects arranged into the four conditional pairs, A-B+, B-C+, C-D+, and D-E+. An analogous list (F through J) was similarly trained. Subsequently, both lists were linked by training on E-F+, a pair that provided adjacent elements from each list. Then, all unique and trained object pairs from both lists were presented as a test. Results indicated that the objects were retained as a single, linearly organized list with choice accuracy directly related to interitem distance between paired objects. A second experiment explored the consequences of incidence of conflicting information on list organization. In both experiments, selections depended on representational processes and supported the view that monkeys and pigeons retain serial lists in qualitatively different ways. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 718 | ||
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| Author | Wasserman, E.A.; Gagliardi, J.L.; Cook, B.R.; Kirkpatrick-Steger, K.; Astley, S.L.; Biederman, I. | ||||
| Title | The pigeon's recognition of drawings of depth-rotated stimuli | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes | Abbreviated Journal | J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
| Volume |
22 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 205-221 |
| Keywords | Animals; Cognition/*physiology; Columbidae; Discrimination (Psychology); Form Perception/*physiology; Learning/*physiology; Photic Stimulation; Rotation | ||||
| Abstract | Four experiments used a four-choice discrimination learning paradigm to explore the pigeon's recognition of line drawings of four objects (an airplane, a chair, a desk lamp, and a flashlight) that were rotated in depth. The pigeons reliably generalized discriminative responding to pictorial stimuli over all untrained depth rotations, despite the bird's having been trained at only a single depth orientation. These generalization gradients closely resembled those found in prior research that used other stimulus dimensions. Increasing the number of different vantage points in the training set from one to three broadened the range of generalized testing performance, with wider spacing of the training orientations more effectively broadening generalized responding. Template and geon theories of visual recognition are applied to these empirical results. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242-1407, USA. ed-wasserman@uiowa.educ | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0097-7403 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:8618103 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2780 | ||
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| Author | Boysen, S.T.; Bernston, G.G.; Hannan, M.B.; Cacioppo, J.T. | ||||
| Title | Quantity-based interference and symbolic representations in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes | Abbreviated Journal | J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
| Volume |
22 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 76-86 |
| Keywords | Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cognition; *Discrimination Learning; Female; Male; *Pan troglodytes; *Reinforcement (Psychology); Task Performance and Analysis | ||||
| Abstract | Five chimpanzees with training in counting and numerical skills selected between 2 arrays of different amounts of candy or 2 Arabic numerals. A reversed reinforcement contingency was in effect, in which the selected array was removed and the subject received the nonselected candies (or the number of candies represented by the nonselected Arabic numeral). Animals were unable to maximize reward by selecting the smaller array when candies were used as array elements. When Arabic numerals were substituted for the candy arrays, all animals showed an immediate shift to a more optimal response strategy of selecting the smaller numeral, thereby receiving the larger reward. Results suggest that a response disposition to the high-incentive candy stimuli introduced a powerful interference effect on performance, which was effectively overridden by the use of symbolic representations. | ||||
| Address | Ohio State University, Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210-1222, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0097-7403 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:8568498 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2781 | ||
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| Author | Fetterman, J.G. | ||||
| Title | Dimensions of stimulus complexity | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes | Abbreviated Journal | J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
| Volume |
22 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 3-18 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Cognition; *Learning; Memory; Time Factors | ||||
| Abstract | Animal learning research has increasingly used complex stimuli that approximate natural objects, events, and locations, a trend that has accompanied a resurgence of interest in the role of cognitive factors in learning. Accounts of complex stimulus control have focused mainly on cognitive mechanisms and largely ignored the contribution of stimulus information to perception and memory for complex events. It is argued here that research on animal learning stands to benefit from a more detailed consideration of the stimulus and that James Gibson's stimulus-centered theory of perception serves as a useful framework for analyses of complex stimuli. Several issues in the field of animal learning and cognition are considered from the Gibsonian perspective on stimuli, including the fundamental problem of defining the effective stimulus. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis 46202, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0097-7403 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:8568494 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2782 | ||
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| Author | Hausberger, M.; Le Scolan, N.; Muller, C.; Gautier, E.; Wolff, A. | ||||
| Title | Individual behavioural characteristics in horses: predictability, endogenous and environmental factors | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Journée d`Etude | Abbreviated Journal | Journée d`Etude |
| Volume |
22 | Issue | Pages | 113- 123 | |
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| Publisher | Insitute du Cheval | Place of Publication | Paris | Editor | |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5023 | ||
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| Author | Salmivalli, C.; Lagerspetz, K.; Björkqvist, K.; Österman, K.; Kaukiainen, A. | ||||
| Title | Bullying as a group process: Participant roles and their relations to social status within the group | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Aggressive Behavior | Abbreviated Journal | Aggr. Behav. |
| Volume |
22 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 1-15 |
| Keywords | aggressive behavior; peer relations; roles; social acceptance; social groups; victimization | ||||
| Abstract | Bullying was investigated as a group process, a social phenomenon taking place in a school setting among 573 Finnish sixth-grade children (286 girls, 287 boys) aged 12–13 years. Different Participant Roles taken by individual children in the bullying process were examined and related to a) self-estimated behavior in bullying situations, b) social acceptance and social rejection, and c) belongingness to one of the five sociometric status groups (popular, rejected, neglected, controversial, and average). The Participant Roles assigned to the subject were Victim, Bully, Reinforcer of the bully, Assistant of the bully, Defender of the victim, and Outsider. There were significant sex differences in the distribution of Participant Roles. Boys were more frequently in the roles of Bully, Reinforcer and Assistant, while the most frequent roles of the girls were those of Defender and Outsider. The subjects were moderately well aware of their Participant Roles, although they underestimated their participation in active bullying behavior and emphasized that they acted as Defenders and Outsiders. The sociometric status of the children was found to be connected to their Participant Roles. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc. | ||||
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| Publisher | Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 1098-2337 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5435 | ||
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| Author | Worden, R.P. | ||||
| Title | Primate social intelligence | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Cognitive Science | Abbreviated Journal | Cognit. Sci. |
| Volume |
20 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 579-616 |
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| Abstract | A computational theory of primate social intelligence is proposed in which primates represent social situations internally by discrete symbol structures, called scripts. Three well-defined computational operations on scripts are sufficient to support social learning, planning, and prediction. This gives a formal, predictive model with which to analyse how primate social knowledge is acquired, as well as how it is used. The theory is compared with primate data, such as Cheney and Seyfarth's observations of vervet monkeys. It gives simple, understandable script-based analyses of many observed phenomena--such as the recognition and use of kin relations, learning of alarm calls, habituation to calls, knowledge of rank, tactical deception, and attachment behaviour. I argue that a tight, concise theory of social cognition, such as script theory, is needed to explain the rapid learning and social guile seen in primates. It also has the benefits of simplicity and testability. The extension of scripts to incorporate a primate theory of mind is described in a subsequent paper. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 407 | ||
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