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Author Levin, L.E.
Title (up) Passage order through different pathways in groups of schooling fish, and the diversified leadership hypothesis Type Journal Article
Year 1996 Publication Behavioural Processes Abbreviated Journal Behav. Process.
Volume 37 Issue 1 Pages 1-8
Keywords Animal sociality; Inter-individual variability; Aggregation-dispersion; Group problem solving
Abstract The diversified leadership hypothesis proposes that different individuals within a school of fish act as leaders in different circumstances. This `circumstantial leadership' results from inter-individual behavioral variability and a `cohesion-dispersion' tendency modulated by `failure-success' contingencies. The hypothesis predicts that when offered different pathways to escape the restriction of their swimming space, individuals within a group of fish will show 1. (a) consistent passage orders in each pathway, but2. (b) different passage orders in different pathways. Using an avoidance paddle and three different groups of fish (Aphyocharax erithrurus) the results confirmed prediction 1. (a) while prediction2. (b) was verified only in one group.
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ room B 3.029 Serial 2069
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Author Etienne, A.S.; Maurer, R.; Seguinot, V.
Title (up) Path integration in mammals and its interaction with visual landmarks Type Journal Article
Year 1996 Publication The Journal of Experimental Biology Abbreviated Journal J Exp Biol
Volume 199 Issue Pt 1 Pages 201-209
Keywords Animals; Cognition/physiology; Cricetinae; Gerbillinae; Humans; Locomotion/*physiology; Mammals/*physiology; Mesocricetus; Mice; Proprioception/physiology; Rats; Visual Pathways/*physiology; Visual Perception/*physiology
Abstract During locomotion, mammals update their position with respect to a fixed point of reference, such as their point of departure, by processing inertial cues, proprioceptive feedback and stored motor commands generated during locomotion. This so-called path integration system (dead reckoning) allows the animal to return to its home, or to a familiar feeding place, even when external cues are absent or novel. However, without the use of external cues, the path integration process leads to rapid accumulation of errors involving both the direction and distance of the goal. Therefore, even nocturnal species such as hamsters and mice rely more on previously learned visual references than on the path integration system when the two types of information are in conflict. Recent studies investigate the extent to which path integration and familiar visual cues cooperate to optimize the navigational performance.
Address Laboratoire d'Ethologie, FPSE, Universite de Geneve, Carouge, Switzerland
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ISSN 0022-0949 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:8576691 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2758
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Author Dixon, J.C.
Title (up) Pattern discrimination, learning-set and memory in a pony Type Journal Article
Year 1996 Publication Proceedings of the Paper Presented at the Midwestern ..? Abbreviated Journal
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3599
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Author Sekuler, A.B.; Lee, J.A.; Shettleworth, S.J.
Title (up) Pigeons do not complete partly occluded figures Type Journal Article
Year 1996 Publication Perception Abbreviated Journal Perception
Volume 25 Issue 9 Pages 1109-1120
Keywords Animals; *Columbidae; *Visual Perception
Abstract One of the most common obstacles to object perception is the fact that objects often occlude parts of themselves and parts of other objects. Perceptual completion has been studied extensively in humans, and researchers have shown that humans do complete partly occluded objects. In an effort to understand more about the mechanisms underlying completion, recent research has extended the study of perceptual completion to other mammalian species. Monkeys and mice also seem to complete two-dimensional representations of partly occluded objects. The present study addresses the question of whether this capacity generalizes to a nonmammalian species, the pigeon (Columba livia). The results point to a limit of the generalizability of perceptual completion: pigeons do not complete partly occluded figures.
Address Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
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ISSN 0301-0066 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:8983050 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 377
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Author Frank S. A.
Title (up) Policing and group cohesion when resources vary. Type Journal Article
Year 1996 Publication Animal Behaviour Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.
Volume 52 Issue Pages 1163-1169
Keywords
Abstract The transition from competing individuals to cooperative groups has occurred several times inevolutionary history. The puzzle is why selfish individuals did not subvert cohesive group behaviour bytaking resources without contributing to the group’s overall success. Kin selection and reciprocal altruism are the two standard explanations for group cohesion. But many groups have evolved into

cooperative units when relatedness was low and opportunities were limited for the strategic alliances required for reciprocity. A new theory was recently proposed in which individuals invest some of their resources into repressing competition between group members. Such policing increases the fair distribution of resources in the group and enhances group cohesion. The surprising aspect of this theory

is that low relatedness is more conducive to the spread of policing traits than is high relatedness. Here a new explanation is developed of the biological processes that favour policing. The model is then extended in two ways. First, more realism is added to the theory by accounting for the full range of costs and benefits associated with competitive and cooperative traits within groups. Second, another

surprising result is introduced about cooperative evolution. Small variations in individual vigour or resources can lead to large variations in individual contributions to policing the group. Stronger individuals often invest all of their excess resources into policing, but weaker individuals do not contribute to group cohesion.
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5429
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Author Feh, C.; Enchbold, S.; Munchtuya, B.
Title (up) Preliminary assessment of the Gurvan Saikhan National Conservation Park's potential for Gobi khulan (Equus hemionus luteus) Type Journal Article
Year 1996 Publication GTZ Abbreviated Journal GTZ
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Publisher Place of Publication Ulaan Baatar Editor
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2288
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Author Worden, R.P.
Title (up) Primate social intelligence Type Journal Article
Year 1996 Publication Cognitive Science Abbreviated Journal Cognit. Sci.
Volume 20 Issue 4 Pages 579-616
Keywords
Abstract A computational theory of primate social intelligence is proposed in which primates represent social situations internally by discrete symbol structures, called scripts. Three well-defined computational operations on scripts are sufficient to support social learning, planning, and prediction. This gives a formal, predictive model with which to analyse how primate social knowledge is acquired, as well as how it is used. The theory is compared with primate data, such as Cheney and Seyfarth's observations of vervet monkeys. It gives simple, understandable script-based analyses of many observed phenomena--such as the recognition and use of kin relations, learning of alarm calls, habituation to calls, knowledge of rank, tactical deception, and attachment behaviour. I argue that a tight, concise theory of social cognition, such as script theory, is needed to explain the rapid learning and social guile seen in primates. It also has the benefits of simplicity and testability. The extension of scripts to incorporate a primate theory of mind is described in a subsequent paper.
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Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 407
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Author Fragaszy, D.; Visalberghi, E.
Title (up) Primates “primacy” reconsidered Type Book Chapter
Year 1996 Publication Social learning in animals: the roots of culture Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 65-84
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Publisher Academic Press, Inc. Place of Publication Editor Heyes, C. ; Galef, B.G.
Language Summary Language Original Title Social learning in animals: the roots of culture
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN ISBN 978-0122739651 Medium
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ home Serial 2175
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Author Boysen, S.T.; Bernston, G.G.; Hannan, M.B.; Cacioppo, J.T.
Title (up) Quantity-based interference and symbolic representations in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) Type Journal Article
Year 1996 Publication Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes Abbreviated Journal J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
Volume 22 Issue 1 Pages 76-86
Keywords Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cognition; *Discrimination Learning; Female; Male; *Pan troglodytes; *Reinforcement (Psychology); Task Performance and Analysis
Abstract Five chimpanzees with training in counting and numerical skills selected between 2 arrays of different amounts of candy or 2 Arabic numerals. A reversed reinforcement contingency was in effect, in which the selected array was removed and the subject received the nonselected candies (or the number of candies represented by the nonselected Arabic numeral). Animals were unable to maximize reward by selecting the smaller array when candies were used as array elements. When Arabic numerals were substituted for the candy arrays, all animals showed an immediate shift to a more optimal response strategy of selecting the smaller numeral, thereby receiving the larger reward. Results suggest that a response disposition to the high-incentive candy stimuli introduced a powerful interference effect on performance, which was effectively overridden by the use of symbolic representations.
Address Ohio State University, Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210-1222, USA
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ISSN 0097-7403 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:8568498 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2781
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Author Turner, J.W.J.; Liu, I.K.; Kirkpatrick, J.F.
Title (up) Remotely delivered immunocontraception in free-roaming feral burros (Equus asinus) Type Journal Article
Year 1996 Publication Journal of reproduction and fertility Abbreviated Journal J Reprod Fertil
Volume 107 Issue 1 Pages 31-35
Keywords Animals; *Animals, Wild; Contraception, Immunologic/methods/*veterinary; *Equidae; Feces/chemistry; Female; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Tests; Swine; Zona Pellucida/immunology
Abstract Regulation of local overpopulations of free-roaming feral equids is in demand worldwide for ecological balance and habitat preservation. Contraceptive vaccines have proven effective in feral horses, which breed seasonally, but no data are available for equids such as the burro, which is reproductively active all year round. In the present study, 27 individually identified female feral burros (Equus asinus) roaming free in Virgin Islands National Park (St John, US Virgin Islands; Lesser Antilles) were remotely treated with pig zonae pellucidae (PZP) vaccine. Between January and May, 16 burros were darted with a 1 ml emulsion of PZP plus Freund's adjuvant. Ten to twelve months later each treated burro was given a single booster injection of PZP plus adjuvant to maintain contraception through a second year. Eleven adult untreated jennies served as controls. Beginning one year after initial vaccination, these burros were monitored for pregnancy and foal production. Collection of data to determine treatment effect was not begun until 12 months after initial treatment to ensure that pregnancies existing before vaccination were not included. Pregnancy was assessed using previously validated methods for steroid metabolite measurement in fresh faecal samples. None of the PZP-treated burros produced foals between 0 and 12 months after the last inoculation. One PZP-treated burro tested positive for pregnancy at 10 months after the final inoculation. During this same period, six of 11 untreated burros tested pregnancy-positive, and four were observed with foals. There was no difference in pregnancy rates among treated, control and randomly sampled jennies between 12 and 24 months after the last inoculation. The results demonstrate that, in free-roaming feral burros that are reproductively active all year round: (1) burros can be accessed for remotely delivered PZP vaccination; (2) PZP contraception is effective; (3) PZP contraception is reversible; and (4) pregnancy can be reliably detected by faecal steroid analysis.
Address Department of Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo 43699, USA
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ISSN 0022-4251 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:8699431 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 144
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