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	Author	Macphail, E.M.
	Title	Cognitive function in mammals: the evolutionary perspective			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Brain research. Cognitive brain research	Abbreviated Journal	Brain Res Cogn Brain Res
	Volume	3	Issue	3-4	Pages	279-290
	Keywords	Animals; Cognition/physiology; Conditioning (Psychology)/physiology; Evolution; Humans; Learning/*physiology; Task Performance and Analysis
	Abstract	The work of behavioural pharmacologists has concentrated on small animals, such as rodents and pigeons. The validity of extrapolation of their findings to humans depends upon the existence of parallels in both physiology and psychology between these animals and humans. This paper considers the question whether there are in fact substantial cognitive parallels between, first, different non-human groups of vertebrates and, second, non-humans and humans. Behavioural data from 'simple' tasks, such as habituation and conditioning, do not point to species differences among vertebrates. Using examples that concentrate on the performance of rodents and birds, it is argued that, similarly, data from more complex tasks (learning-set formation, transitive inference, and spatial memory serve as examples) reveal few if any cognitive differences amongst non-human vertebrates. This conclusion supports the notion that association formation may be the critical problem-solving process available to non-human animals; associative mechanisms are assumed to have evolved to detect causal links between events, and would therefore be relevant in all ecological niches. In agreement with this view, recent advances in comparative neurology show striking parallels in functional organisation of mammalian and avian telencephalon. Finally, it is argued that although the peculiarly human capacity for language marks a large cognitive contrast between humans and non-humans, there is good evidence-in particular, from work on implicit learning--that the learning mechanisms available to non--humans are present and do play an important role in human cognition.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of York at Heslington, UK
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0926-6410	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8806029			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	603
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	Author	Zachritz W.H.; Lundie L.L.; Wang H.; Thomas R.K.
	Title	Investigating cognitive abilities in animals: unrealized potential			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Cognitive Brain Research	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	3	Issue		Pages	157-166
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	3449
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	Author	Bizot J.-C.; Thiebot M.-H.
	Title	Impulsivity as a confounding factor in certain animal tests of cognitive function			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Cognitive Brain Research	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	3	Issue		Pages	243-250
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	3450
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	Author	Davidsson T.E.; Leonardson L.G.; Marston H.M.
	Title	Analysis of cognitive function in animals, the value of SDT			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Cognitive Brain Research	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	3	Issue		Pages	269-277
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	3451
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	Author	Worden, R.P.
	Title	Primate social intelligence			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Cognitive Science	Abbreviated Journal	Cognit. Sci.
	Volume	20	Issue	4	Pages	579-616
	Keywords
	Abstract	A computational theory of primate social intelligence is proposed in which primates represent social situations internally by discrete symbol structures, called scripts. Three well-defined computational operations on scripts are sufficient to support social learning, planning, and prediction. This gives a formal, predictive model with which to analyse how primate social knowledge is acquired, as well as how it is used. The theory is compared with primate data, such as Cheney and Seyfarth's observations of vervet monkeys. It gives simple, understandable script-based analyses of many observed phenomena--such as the recognition and use of kin relations, learning of alarm calls, habituation to calls, knowledge of rank, tactical deception, and attachment behaviour. I argue that a tight, concise theory of social cognition, such as script theory, is needed to explain the rapid learning and social guile seen in primates. It also has the benefits of simplicity and testability. The extension of scripts to incorporate a primate theory of mind is described in a subsequent paper.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	407
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	Author	Bermudez, J.L.
	Title	The moral significance of birth			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Ethics	Abbreviated Journal	Ethics
	Volume	106	Issue	2	Pages	378-403
	Keywords	Abortion, Induced; Animal Rights; Animals; Beginning of Human Life; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Ethical Analysis; Ethics; Fetus; Homicide; Humans; Individuality; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infanticide; Labor, Obstetric; Life; Personhood; Philosophy; Primates; Psychology; Self Concept; *Value of Life; Analytical Approach; Genetics and Reproduction; Philosophical Approach
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0014-1704	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:11656645; KIE: 31 fn.; KIE: KIE BoB Subject Heading: fetuses; KIE: KIE BoB Subject Heading: personhood			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4177
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	Author	Nishida, T.; Hosaka K.
	Title	Coalition strategies among adult male chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania.			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	1996	Publication	Great Ape Societies.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	114-135
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	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Cambridge University Press	Place of Publication	Cambridge	Editor	McGrew, W. C.; Marchant, L. F.; Nishida, T.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5470
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	Author	Feh, C.; Enchbold, S.; Munchtuya, B.
	Title	*Preliminary assessment of the Gurvan Saikhan National Conservation Park's potential for Gobi khulan (Equus hemionus luteus)*			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	GTZ	Abbreviated Journal	GTZ
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Ulaan Baatar	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2288
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	Author	Beerda, B.; Schilder, M.B.H.; Janssen, N.S.C.R.M.; Mol, J.A.
	Title	The Use of Saliva Cortisol, Urinary Cortisol, and Catecholamine Measurements for a Noninvasive Assessment of Stress Responses in Dogs			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Hormones and Behavior	Abbreviated Journal	Horm. Behav.
	Volume	30	Issue	3	Pages	272-279
	Keywords
	Abstract	A problem in assessing animal welfare is that collecting data in itself may be stressful to the animals. Therefore, noninvasive methods for collecting data have to be devised and tested. A first step in investigating saliva cortisol, urinary cortisol, and urinary catecholamine as noninvasive indicators of canine well-being is the validation of these hormonal measures as alternatives for those in plasma. Using a model of insulin (0.2 U/kg)-induced hypoglycemia, we report on stress-induced responses in saliva cortisol, urinary cortisol, and urinary catacholamines relative to cortisol and catecholamine responses in plasma. Hypoglycemia in six dogs induced significant (P< 0.05) increases in plasma cortisol and adrenaline but not noradrenaline. Saliva cortisol responses expressed as net area under the response curve correlated significantly with plasma cortisol responses (r> 0.92). Saliva cortisol levels measured 7 to 12% of plasma cortisol concentrations. Cortisol/creatinine ratios in urine were significantly higher when voided after insulin administeration, compared to when voided after saline treatment. Insulin-induced increments in cortisol/creatinine ratios were nonsignificant when urine samples were assayed after dichloromethane extraction. Although urinary adrenaline/creatinine (A/C) ratios were significantly correlated with maximum plasma adrenaline values after insulin administration, A/C ratios did not differ significantly between insulin and saline treatment. The present experiment provides strong support for using saliva sampling and urine collection as noninvasive methods to establish stress-induced cortisol responses. For measuring acute plasma adrenaline responses, measuring A/C ratios may not be a valid alternative.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0018-506x	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5574
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	Author	Prud`homme, J.; Chapais, B.
	Title	Development of intervention behavior in Japanese macaques: Testing the targeting hypothesis			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	International Journal of Primatology	Abbreviated Journal	Int. J. Primatol.
	Volume	17	Issue	3	Pages	429-443
	Keywords	Biomedical and Life Sciences
	Abstract	Matrilineal dominance systems, which characterize several species of cercopithecines, are determined largely by the patterning of third-party aggressive interventions in conflicts. Although the role of interventions in structuring rank relations has received much attention, very few studies have dealt specifically with the development of intervention behavior. In other words,most studies have focused on the interventions received and their effect on the recipients rather than on the interventions performed and the goals of the interveners. We analyzed the intervention behavior of 10 juvenile females in a colony of 40 Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)housed at the University of Montreal Laboratory of Behavioral Primatology. The analysis of 749 interventions performed by the juveniles over their first 4 years and 2425 interventions received over the same period reveals that (1) juvenile females intervened selectively against females ranking below their mother, (2) they began to intervene at about the same time that they began to challenge the latter females in dyadic contests, (3) they sided with females as well as with males against these females, (4) juvenile interveners incurred little risks in terms of aggressive retaliation from their targets, (5) they derived immediate benefits in terms of conflicts won over stronger targets, (6) interventions often did not take place when the possible recipients needed support, and (7) interveners did not conform to a pattern of mutually preferential support. These results support the view that interventions by juveniles are selfish (vs altruistic) and constitute a low-cost and effective means to target and to outrank prospectively subordinate females.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Springer Netherlands	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0164-0291	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5245
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