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| Author | Boyd, R.; Richerson, P.J. | ||||
| Title | Why Culture is Common, but Cultural Evolution is Rare | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Proceedings of the British Academy | Abbreviated Journal | Proc Br Acad |
| Volume | 88 | Issue | Pages | 73-93 | |
| Keywords | cultural distributed evolution primates | ||||
| Abstract | If culture is defined as variation acquired and maintained by social learning, then culture is common in nature. However, cumulative cultural evolution resulting in behaviors that no individual could invent on their own is limited to humans, song birds, and perhaps chimpanzees. Circumstantial evidence suggests that cumulative cultural evolution requires the capacity for observational learning. Here, we analyze two models the evolution of psychological capacities that allow cumulative cultural evolution. Both models suggest that the conditions which allow the evolution of such capacities when rare are much more stringent than the conditions which allow the maintenance of the capacities when common. This result follows from the fact that the assumed benefit of the capacities, cumulative cultural adaptation, cannot occur when the capacities are rare. These results suggest why such capacities may be rare in nature. | ||||
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| Publisher | Royal Society/British Academy | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| Notes | http://www.proc.britac.ac.uk/cgi-bin/somsid.cgi?page=summaries/pba88#boyd | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4195 | ||
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| Author | Templeton, J.J.; Giraldeau, L.-A. | ||||
| Title | Vicarious sampling: the use of personal and public information by starlings foraging in a simple patchy environment | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
| Volume | 38 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 105-114 |
| Keywords | Social foraging ? Patch sampling ? Public information ? Sturnidae | ||||
| Abstract | Group foragers may be able to assess patch quality more efficiently by paying attention to the sampling activities of conspecifics foraging in the same patch. In a previous field experiment, we showed that starlings foraging on patches of hidden food could use the successful foraging activities of others to help them assess patch quality. In order to determine whether a starling could also use another individual's lack of foraging success to assess and depart from empty patches more quickly, we carried out two experimental studies which compared the behaviour of captive starlings sampling artificial patches both when alone and when in pairs. Solitary starlings were first trained to assess patch quality in our experimental two-patch system, and were then tested on an empty patch both alone and with two types of partner bird. One partner sampled very few holes and thus provided a low amount of public information; the other sampled numerous holes and thus provided a high amount of public information. In experiment 1, we found no evidence of vicarious sampling. Subjects sampled a similar number of empty holes when alone as when with the low and high information partners; thus they continued to rely on their own personal information to make their patch departure decisions. In experiment 2, we modified the experimental patches, increasing the ease with which a bird could watch another's sampling activities, and increasing the difficulty of acquiring accurate personal sampling information. This time, subjects apparently did use public information, sampling fewer empty holes before departure when with the high-information partner than when with the low-information partner, and sampling fewer holes when with the low-information partner than when alone. We suggest that the degree to which personal and public information are used is likely to depend both on a forager's ability to remember where it has already sampled and on the type of environment in which foraging takes place. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4198 | ||
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| Author | Lebelt, D.; Schönreiter, S.; Zanella, A. J. | ||||
| Title | Salivary cortisol in stallions: the relationship with plasma levels, daytime profile and changes in response to semen collection | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Pferdeheilkunde | Abbreviated Journal | Pferdeheilkunde |
| Volume | 14 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 411-414 |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4282 | ||
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| Author | Miller, R.M. | ||||
| Title | How we can quickly assume the role of horse herd leader: Making horses compliant and willing subjects | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Journal of Equine Veterinary Science | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 16 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 4-7 |
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| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4329 | ||
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| Author | Lefebvre, L.; Giraldeau, L.-A. | ||||
| Title | Is social learning an adaptive specialisation? | Type | Book Chapter | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Social learning in animals: The root of culture | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 107-128 | ||
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| Publisher | Academic Press. | Place of Publication | San Diego | Editor | Heyes, C. M. ;B. G. Galef B. G..Jr. |
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| ISSN | ISBN | 978-0122739651 | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4415 | ||
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| Author | Povinelli, D. J.; Eddy T. J | ||||
| Title | What Young Chimpanzees Know about Seeing | Type | Book Whole | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 216pp | ||
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| Abstract | Synopsis Does a young chimpanzee's gaze subjectively link it to the outside world? Is seeing “about” something to this species? This volume reports the results of fifteen studies conducted with chimpanzees and preschool children. The findings provide little evidence that young chimpanzees understand seeing as a mental event. Even though young chimps spontaneously attend to and follow the visual gaze of others, they simultaneously appear oblivious to the attentional significance of that gaze. This interpretation is consistent with three different possibilities: chimpanzees may experience a delay in psychological development; alternatively, they may possess a different theory of attention, connected subjectively through other behavioral indicators; or the subjective understanding of visual perception may only be present in humans. |
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| Publisher | University of Chicago Press | Place of Publication | Chicago | Editor | |
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| ISSN | ISBN | 9780226676753 | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4960 | ||
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| Author | Gallese, V.; Fadiga, L.; Fogassi, L.; Rizzolatti, G. | ||||
| Title | Action recognition in the premotor cortex | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Brain | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 119 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 593-609 |
| Keywords | action encoding; visual responses; premotor cortex; macaque monkey | ||||
| Abstract | We recorded electrical activity from 532 neurons in the rostral part of inferior area 6 (area F5) of two macaque monkeys. Previous data had shown that neurons of this area discharge during goal-directed hand and mouth movements. We describe here the properties of a newly discovered set of F5 neurons ( mirror neurons', n = 92) all of which became active both when the monkey performed a given action and when it observed a similar action performed by the experimenter. Mirror neurons, in order to be visually triggered, required an interaction between the agent of the action and the object of it. The sight of the agent alone or of the object alone (three-dimensional objects, food) were ineffective. Hand and the mouth were by far the most effective agents. The actions most represented among those activating mirror neurons were grasping, manipulating and placing. In most mirror neurons (92%) there was a clear relation between the visual action they responded to and the motor response they coded. In [~]30% of mirror neurons the congruence was very strict and the effective observed and executed actions corresponded both in terms of general action (e.g. grasping) and in terms of the way in which that action was executed (e.g. precision grip). We conclude by proposing that mirror neurons form a system for matching observation and execution of motor actions. We discuss the possible role of this system in action recognition and, given the proposed homology between F5 and human Brocca's region, we posit that a matching system, similar to that of mirror neurons exists in humans and could be involved in recognition of actions as well as phonetic gestures. | ||||
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| Notes | 10.1093/brain/119.2.593 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5012 | ||
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| Author | Davis, M. H. | ||||
| Title | Empathy: A Social Psychological Approach | Type | Book Whole | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 272 | ||
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| Abstract | Product Description Empathy has long been a topic of interest to psychologists, but it has been studied in a sometimes bewildering number of ways. In this volume, Mark Davis offers a thorough, evenhanded review of contemporary empathy research, especially work that has been carried out by social and personality psychologists.Davis’ approach is explicitly multidimensional. He draws careful distinctions between situational and dispositional “antecedents” of empathy, cognitive and noncognitive “internal processes,” affective and nonaffective “intrapersonal outcomes,” and the “interpersonal behaviora l outcomes” that follow. Davis presents a novel organizational model to help classify and interpret previous findings. This book will be of value in advanced undergraduate and graduate courses on altruism, helping, nad moral development. About the Author Mark H. Davis is associate professor of psychology at Eckerd College in St. Petersburg, Florida. |
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| Publisher | Westview Press | Place of Publication | Boulder, CO | Editor | |
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| ISSN | ISBN | 978-0813330013 | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5017 | ||
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| Author | Hausberger, M.; Le Scolan, N.; Muller, C.; Gautier, E.; Wolff, A. | ||||
| Title | Individual behavioural characteristics in horses: predictability, endogenous and environmental factors | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Journée d`Etude | Abbreviated Journal | Journée d`Etude |
| Volume | 22 | Issue | Pages | 113- 123 | |
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| Publisher | Insitute du Cheval | Place of Publication | Paris | Editor | |
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| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5023 | ||
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| Author | Hama, H.; Yogo, M.; Matsuyama, Y. | ||||
| Title | Effects of stroking horses on both humans' and horses' heart rate responses | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Japanese Psychological Research | Abbreviated Journal | Jpn. Psychol. Res. |
| Volume | 38 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 66-73 |
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| Abstract | The present study examined both human and horse heart rates (HRs) when humans stroked horses for 90 seconds; the subjective arousal levels of the humans were measured by the Tohoku Activation Deactivation Adjective Check List before and after stroking horses. Six male subjects with a positive attitude toward companion animals and 6 male subjects with a negative attitude were selected by their scores on the Pet Attitude Scale, and these two groups, together with a third group, of 6 subjects who were male members of the Doshisha University horse-riding club, participated in this experiment. The HRs of the human subjects during the first 10 seconds immediately after the stroking began were significantly higher than those obtained after that period, but these higher levels gradually returned to baseline levels. This tendency appears more clearly in the negative attitude group. The HRs of the horses increased during the first 20 seconds immediately after the human subjects of the NA group started stroking them, but gradually reduced as the stroking continued. The results of subjective arousal levels suggest a decrease in tension by stroking horses. These results suggest that a certain affectional interaction may exist between humans and companion animals. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5056 | ||
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