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Author | de Waal, F.B. | ||||
Title | Macaque social culture: development and perpetuation of affiliative networks | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1996 | Publication | Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983) | Abbreviated Journal | J Comp Psychol |
Volume | 110 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 147-154 |
Keywords | Animals; Dominance-Subordination; Female; Macaca mulatta/*psychology; Male; Maternal Behavior; *Peer Group; Sexual Behavior, Animal; *Social Behavior; Social Distance; *Social Environment | ||||
Abstract | Maternal affiliative relations may be transmitted to offspring, similar to the way in which maternal rank determines offspring rank. The development of 23 captive female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) was followed from the day of birth until adulthood. A multivariate analysis compared relations among age peers with affiliative relations, kinship, and rank distance among mothers. Maternal relations were an excellent predictor of affiliative relations among daughters, explaining up to 64% of the variance. Much of this predictability was due to the effect of kinship. However, after this variable had been controlled, significant predictability persisted. For relations of female subjects with male peers, on the other hand, maternal relations had no significant predictive value beyond the effect of kinship. One possible explanation of these results is that young rhesus females copy maternal social preferences through a process of cultural learning. | ||||
Address | Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA. dewaal@rmy.emory.edu | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0735-7036 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:8681528 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 204 | ||
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Author | Hashimoto, C.; Takenaka, O.; Furuichi, T. | ||||
Title | Matrilineal kin relationship and social behavior of wild bonobos (Pan paniscus): Sequencing the D-loop region of mitochondrial DNA | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1996 | Publication | Primates | Abbreviated Journal | Primates |
Volume | 37 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 305-318-318 |
Keywords | Biomedical and Life Sciences | ||||
Abstract | Matrilineal kin-relations among wild bonobos (Pan paniscus) were studied by DNA analysis. Subject individuals were the members of E1 group, living at Wamba, Zaire, which has been studied since 1974. DNA samples were extracted from wadges that bonobos spat out when feeding on sugar cane. The D-loop region of mitochondrial DNA was amplified by the PCR method, and a nucleotide sequence of 350 base pairs was determined for 17 individuals. Nucleotide variations were found at 44 positions of the sequence. Based on these variations, 13 matrilineal units were divided into seven groups, and the mother of an orphan male was determined among several females. These genetic analyses, together with behavioral observation to date, revealed the following facts. High sequence variation in the target region indicated that females transfer between groups of bonobos, which is in agreement with supposition from long-term field studies. For females, there was no relationship between genetic closeness and social closeness that is represented by frequencies of proximity or grooming. After immigration into a new group, females form social associations with senior females without regard to kin relationship. | ||||
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Publisher | Springer Japan | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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ISSN | 0032-8332 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5199 | ||
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Author | Prud`homme, J.; Chapais, B. | ||||
Title | Development of intervention behavior in Japanese macaques: Testing the targeting hypothesis | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1996 | Publication | International Journal of Primatology | Abbreviated Journal | Int. J. Primatol. |
Volume | 17 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 429-443 |
Keywords | Biomedical and Life Sciences | ||||
Abstract | Matrilineal dominance systems, which characterize several species of cercopithecines, are determined largely by the patterning of third-party aggressive interventions in conflicts. Although the role of interventions in structuring rank relations has received much attention, very few studies have dealt specifically with the development of intervention behavior. In other words,most studies have focused on the interventions received and their effect on the recipients rather than on the interventions performed and the goals of the interveners. We analyzed the intervention behavior of 10 juvenile females in a colony of 40 Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)housed at the University of Montreal Laboratory of Behavioral Primatology. The analysis of 749 interventions performed by the juveniles over their first 4 years and 2425 interventions received over the same period reveals that (1) juvenile females intervened selectively against females ranking below their mother, (2) they began to intervene at about the same time that they began to challenge the latter females in dyadic contests, (3) they sided with females as well as with males against these females, (4) juvenile interveners incurred little risks in terms of aggressive retaliation from their targets, (5) they derived immediate benefits in terms of conflicts won over stronger targets, (6) interventions often did not take place when the possible recipients needed support, and (7) interveners did not conform to a pattern of mutually preferential support. These results support the view that interventions by juveniles are selfish (vs altruistic) and constitute a low-cost and effective means to target and to outrank prospectively subordinate females. | ||||
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Publisher | Springer Netherlands | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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ISSN | 0164-0291 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5245 | ||
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Author | Chenoweth, P.J.; Chase, C.C.; Larsen, R.E.; Thatcher, M.-J.D.; Bivens, J.F.; Wilcox, C.J. | ||||
Title | The assessment of sexual performance in young Bos taurus and Bos indicus beef bulls | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1996 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume | 48 | Issue | 3-4 | Pages | 225-235 |
Keywords | Bos indicus; Sex behavior; Cattle reproduction; Mating behavior; Tests | ||||
Abstract | Yearling beef bulls, representing different Bos indicus and Bos taurus breeds, were given two sexual performance assessments (libido score, number of services, time to first mount and time of sexual inactivity) at four test periods (January, April, July and October) in 1991 (Trial 1) and 1992 (Trial 2) at the Subtropical Agricultural Research Station, Brooksville, Florida. Breed and test period, as well as their interactions, influenced most results. Sexual performance assessments generally improved with age in Bos taurus breeds, but not in Bos indicus. The temperate Bos taurus breeds (Angus and Hereford) were most sexually active, the tropically adapted Bos taurus breeds (Senepol and Romosinuano) intermediate and the two Bos indicus breeds (Brahman and Nellore x Brahman) were least active. Service rates were generally low. Seasonal patterns in sexual performance were not apparent, with breed and year differences occurring. Although breeds showed consistent test results, the failure of Bos indicus bulls to service in any test, indicates either sexual immaturity, or inadequate procedures for assessment of sexual performance in this breed group. | ||||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 2865 | ||
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Author | Dugatkin, L.A.; Mesterton-Gibbons, M. | ||||
Title | Cooperation among unrelated individuals: reciprocal altruism, by-product mutualism and group selection in fishes | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1996 | Publication | Biosystems | Abbreviated Journal | Biosystems |
Volume | 37 | Issue | 1-2 | Pages | 19-30 |
Keywords | By-product mutualism; Cooperative behavior; Fish; Reciprocal altruism; Trait-group selection | ||||
Abstract | Cooperation among unrelated individuals can evolve not only via reciprocal altruism but also via trait-group selection or by-product mutualism (or some combination of all three categories). Therefore the (iterated) prisoner's dilemma is an insufficient paradigm for studying the evolution of cooperation. We replace this game by the cooperator's dilemma, which is more versatile because it enables all three categories of cooperative behavior to be examined within the framework of a single theory. Controlled studies of cooperation among fish provide examples of each category of cooperation. Specifically, we describe reciprocal altruism among simultaneous hermaphrodites that swap egg parcels, group-selected cooperation among fish that inspect dangerous predators and by-product mutualism in the cooperative foraging of coral-reef fish. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 481 | ||
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Author | Meriggi,A.; Lovari, S. | ||||
Title | A Review of Wolf Predation in Southern Europe: Does the Wolf Prefer Wild Prey to Livestock? | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1996 | Publication | Journal of Applled Ecology | Abbreviated Journal | J. Appl. Ecol |
Volume | 33 | Issue | Pages | 1561-1571 | |
Keywords | Canis lupus, conservation, food habits, prey abundance, prey availability. | ||||
Abstract | 1. The recent recovery of the wolf in southern Europe has not yet removed the risk of local extinction. Wolf populations are fragmented and often comprise fewer than 500 individuals. In North America, northern and eastern Europe, wolves feed maiiily on wild herbivores. In southern Europe, this canid has apparently adapted to feed also on fruit, rubbish, livestock, small and medium-size mammals. 2. The main conservation problem lies with predation o n domestic ~ingulates,w liich leads to extensive killing of wolves. The reintroduction of wild large herbivores has been advocated as a means of reducing attacks on livestock, but predatiori on the latter may remain high if domestic ungulates are locally abundant. 3. Our synthesis of 15 studies, published in the last 15 years, on food habits of the wolf in southern Europe, has shown that ungulates have been the main diet component overall. A significant inverse correlation was found between the occurrence (%) of wild and domestic ungulates in the diet. The presence of relatively few wild ungulate species was necessary to reduce predation on livestock. 4. Selection of wild and domestic ungulate prey was influenced mainly by their local abundance, but also by their accessibility. Feeding dependence on rubbish was local and rare. In Italy, the consumption of riibbish/fruit and that of ungulates was significantly negatively correlated. Diet breadth increased as the presence of large prey in tlie diet decreased. 5. The simultaneous reintroduction of severa1 wild ungulate species is likely to reduce predation on livestock and may prove to be one of the most effective conservation measures. |
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6387 | ||
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Author | Kraak, S.B.M. | ||||
Title | `Copying mate choice': Which phenomena deserve this term? | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1996 | Publication | Behavioural Processes | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Process. |
Volume | 36 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 99-102 |
Keywords | Copying mate choice; Proximate/ultimate causes | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1816 | |||
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Author | Boyd, R.; Richerson, P.J. | ||||
Title | Why Culture is Common, but Cultural Evolution is Rare | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1996 | Publication | Proceedings of the British Academy | Abbreviated Journal | Proc Br Acad |
Volume | 88 | Issue | Pages | 73-93 | |
Keywords | cultural distributed evolution primates | ||||
Abstract | If culture is defined as variation acquired and maintained by social learning, then culture is common in nature. However, cumulative cultural evolution resulting in behaviors that no individual could invent on their own is limited to humans, song birds, and perhaps chimpanzees. Circumstantial evidence suggests that cumulative cultural evolution requires the capacity for observational learning. Here, we analyze two models the evolution of psychological capacities that allow cumulative cultural evolution. Both models suggest that the conditions which allow the evolution of such capacities when rare are much more stringent than the conditions which allow the maintenance of the capacities when common. This result follows from the fact that the assumed benefit of the capacities, cumulative cultural adaptation, cannot occur when the capacities are rare. These results suggest why such capacities may be rare in nature. | ||||
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Publisher | Royal Society/British Academy | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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Notes | http://www.proc.britac.ac.uk/cgi-bin/somsid.cgi?page=summaries/pba88#boyd | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4195 | ||
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Author | Hogue, M.-E.; Beaugrand, J.P.; Lague, P.C. | ||||
Title | Coherent use of information by hens observing their former dominant defeating or being defeated by a stranger | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1996 | Publication | Behavioural Processes | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Process. |
Volume | 38 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 241-252 |
Keywords | Domestic fowl; Dominance; Hierarchy formation; Observation; Transitive inference | ||||
Abstract | This study examines the role of observation during the formation of triads in female domestic hens. Results indicate that during hierarchy formation, a hen observing agonistic interactions and conflict settlement between its former dominant and a stranger uses this information when in turn confronted by the latter. Under a first condition (E, N = 15 triads), bystanders witnessed their prior dominant being defeated by a stranger before being introduced to them. In a second condition (C1, N = 16 triads), bystanders witnessed the victory of their prior dominant over a stranger. In a third condition (C2, N = 15 triads), bystanders witnessed two strangers establishing a dominance relationship before being introduced to their prior dominant and to a stranger the former had just defeated. The behavioural strategies of bystanders depended on the issue of the conflict they had witnessed. Bystanders of the E condition behaved as having no chance of defeating the stranger. They never initiated an attack against it, and upon being attacked, readily submitted in turn to the stranger. On the contrary, bystanders of the C1 condition behaved as having some chances against the stranger. They initiated attacks in 50% of cases, and won 50% of conflicts against the stranger. Under condition C2, bystanders first initiated contact with the strangers in only 27% of cases, which approximates the average of their chances for defeating the stranger. However, bystanders finally defeated the strangers in 40% of cases. These results suggest that bystanders of conditions E and C1 gained some information on the relationship existing between their prior dominant and the stranger and that they used it coherently, perhaps through transitive inference, thus contributing to the existence of transitive relationships within the triads. Alternate explanations are examined. | ||||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 396 | ||
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Author | Poling, A.; Temple, W.; Foster, T.M. | ||||
Title | The differential outcomes effect: A demonstration in domestic chickens responding under a titrating-delayed-matching-to-sample procedure | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1996 | Publication | Behavioural Processes | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Process. |
Volume | 36 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 109-115 |
Keywords | Domestic hen; Titrating-delayed-matching-to-sample procedure; Differential outcomes effect; Conditional discrimination; Animal welfare | ||||
Abstract | The differential outcomes effect refers to the increase in speed of acquisition or terminal accuracy that occurs in discrimination training when each of two or more discriminative stimuli is correlated with a different outcome (e.g. type of reinforcer). The present study demonstrated this effect in domestic hens exposed to a titrating-delayed-matching-to-sample procedure, under which correct responses increased (and incorrect responses decreased) the delay between the offset of a sample stimulus and the onset of two comparison stimuli. Colors of key illumination (red, green) were used as sample and comparison stimuli and correct responses resulted in 1- or 4-s food deliveries. When 1-s food deliveries consistently followed correct responses to one key color and 4-s food deliveries followed correct responses to the other key color, the maximum delay reached by the hens and their overall accuracy was significantly higher than when 1- and 4-s food deliveries were randomly arranged following correct responses to both key colors. These data constitute the first demonstration of the differential outcomes effect in chickens, and in any species evaluated under a titrating-delayed-matching-to-sample procedure. | ||||
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Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3604 | ||
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