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| Author | Barnes, J.I.; Jager, J.L.V. de | ||||
| Title | Economic and financial incentives for wildlife use on private land in Namibia and the implications for policy. | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | South African Journal of Wildlife Research | Abbreviated Journal | S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res |
| Volume | 26 | Issue  |
2 | Pages | 37-46 |
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| Abstract | Abstract Aggregate estimates for wildlife populations and species diversity on private land in Namibia were made for 1972 and 1992, using questionnaire surveys. Numbers of species and biomass appear to have increased by some 80 percent, or three percent per annum over the period. The number of game species recorded increased by 44 percent. Cost – benefit analysis models were developed and used to analyse economic and financial efficiency of land use involving wildlife on private land. Financial profitability was generally low with both livestock – game production for consumptive use and wildlife production for non-consumptive use. However these activities appear to be economically efficient, and result in a positive contribution to National Income. The results suggest that there are financial incentives for private landholders to group together and form large scale conservancies. The latter benefit from economies of scale which make them more financially profitable and robust, and also more economically efficient, than ranches. Wildlife production for non-consumptive wildlife viewing was found to yield greater economic net value added per unit of land than livestock – wildlife production for consumptive use. This was particularly the case at the larger conservancy scale of operation. Aggregate estimates, in 1994 prices, of the annual net value added to National Income from wildlife use on private land are N$ 30.6 million in 1972 and N$ 56 million in 1992. The economic value of wildlife use as a proportion of the economic value of all private land rangeland uses appears to have risen from five percent to eleven percent over the twenty year period. Current policy to promote the development of wildlife conservancies appears to be economically sound, particularly where these are aimed at eventual conversion to wildlife-based tourism uses. _________________________ |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2220 | ||
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| Author | Fulhorst, C.F.; Hardy, J.L.; Eldridge, B.F.; Chiles, R.E.; Reeves, W.C. | ||||
| Title | Ecology of Jamestown Canyon virus (Bunyaviridae: California serogroup) in coastal California | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | Abbreviated Journal | Am J Trop Med Hyg |
| Volume | 55 | Issue |
2 | Pages | 185-189 |
| Keywords | Aedes/virology; Animals; Antibodies, Viral/blood; California/epidemiology; Cattle; Cattle Diseases/epidemiology; Deer; Dog Diseases/epidemiology; Dogs; Encephalitis Virus, California/immunology/*isolation & purification; Encephalitis, California/epidemiology/*veterinary; Female; Horse Diseases/epidemiology; Horses; Insect Vectors/virology; Lagomorpha; Male; Neutralization Tests/veterinary; Peromyscus; Rodent Diseases/epidemiology; Sigmodontinae | ||||
| Abstract | This paper reports the first isolation of Jamestown Canyon (JC) virus from coastal California and the results of tests for antibody to JC virus in mammals living in coastal California. The virus isolation was made from a pool of 50 Aedes dorsalis females collected as adults from Morro Bay, San Luis Obispo County, California. The virus isolate was identified by two-way plaque reduction-serum dilution neutralization tests done in Vero cell cultures. Sera from the mammals were tested for antibody to JC virus by a plaque-reduction serum dilution neutralization method. A high prevalence of JC virus-specific antibody was found in horses and cattle sampled from Morro Bay. This finding is additional evidence for the presence of a virus antigenically identical or closely related to JC virus in Morro Bay and indicates that the vectors of the virus in Morro Bay feed on large mammals. A high prevalence of virus-specific antibody was also found in horses sampled from Marin and San Diego counties. This finding suggests that viruses antigenically identical or closely related to JC virus are geographically widespread in coastal California. | ||||
| Address | School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0002-9637 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:8780458 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2656 | ||
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| Author | Cilnis, M.J.; Kang, W.; Weaver, S.C. | ||||
| Title | Genetic conservation of Highlands J viruses | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Virology | Abbreviated Journal | Virology |
| Volume | 218 | Issue |
2 | Pages | 343-351 |
| Keywords | Alphavirus/*genetics; Alphavirus Infections/transmission/veterinary/virology; Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Base Sequence; Conserved Sequence; Disease Outbreaks; Encephalitis, Viral/veterinary/virology; *Evolution, Molecular; Horses; Molecular Sequence Data; Phylogeny; RNA, Viral/genetics; Sequence Alignment; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; Turkeys; Variation (Genetics)/*genetics | ||||
| Abstract | We studied molecular evolution of the mosquito-borne alphavirus Highlands J (HJ) virus by sequencing PCR products generated from 19 strains isolated between 1952 and 1994. Sequences of 1200 nucleotides including portions of the E1 gene and the 3' untranslated region revealed a relatively slow evolutionary rate estimated at 0.9-1.6 x 10(-4) substitutions per nucleotide per year. Phylogenetic trees indicated that all HJ viruses descended from a common ancestor and suggested the presence of one dominant lineage in North America. However, two or more minor lineages probably circulated simultaneously for periods of years to a few decades. Strains isolated from a horse suffering encephalitis, and implicated in a recent turkey outbreak, were not phylogenetically distinct from strains isolated in other locations during the same time periods. Our findings are remarkably similar to those we obtained previously for another North American alphavirus, eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus, with which Highlands J shares primary mosquito and avian hosts, geographical distribution, and ecology. These results support the hypotheses that the duration of the transmission season affects arboviral evolutionary rates and vertebrate host mobility influences genetic diversity. | ||||
| Address | Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0116, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0042-6822 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:8610461 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2657 | ||
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| Author | Wasserman, E.A.; Gagliardi, J.L.; Cook, B.R.; Kirkpatrick-Steger, K.; Astley, S.L.; Biederman, I. | ||||
| Title | The pigeon's recognition of drawings of depth-rotated stimuli | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes | Abbreviated Journal | J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
| Volume | 22 | Issue |
2 | Pages | 205-221 |
| Keywords | Animals; Cognition/*physiology; Columbidae; Discrimination (Psychology); Form Perception/*physiology; Learning/*physiology; Photic Stimulation; Rotation | ||||
| Abstract | Four experiments used a four-choice discrimination learning paradigm to explore the pigeon's recognition of line drawings of four objects (an airplane, a chair, a desk lamp, and a flashlight) that were rotated in depth. The pigeons reliably generalized discriminative responding to pictorial stimuli over all untrained depth rotations, despite the bird's having been trained at only a single depth orientation. These generalization gradients closely resembled those found in prior research that used other stimulus dimensions. Increasing the number of different vantage points in the training set from one to three broadened the range of generalized testing performance, with wider spacing of the training orientations more effectively broadening generalized responding. Template and geon theories of visual recognition are applied to these empirical results. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242-1407, USA. ed-wasserman@uiowa.educ | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0097-7403 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:8618103 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2780 | ||
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| Author | Poling, A.; Temple, W.; Foster, T.M. | ||||
| Title | The differential outcomes effect: A demonstration in domestic chickens responding under a titrating-delayed-matching-to-sample procedure | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Behavioural Processes | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Process. |
| Volume | 36 | Issue |
2 | Pages | 109-115 |
| Keywords | Domestic hen; Titrating-delayed-matching-to-sample procedure; Differential outcomes effect; Conditional discrimination; Animal welfare | ||||
| Abstract | The differential outcomes effect refers to the increase in speed of acquisition or terminal accuracy that occurs in discrimination training when each of two or more discriminative stimuli is correlated with a different outcome (e.g. type of reinforcer). The present study demonstrated this effect in domestic hens exposed to a titrating-delayed-matching-to-sample procedure, under which correct responses increased (and incorrect responses decreased) the delay between the offset of a sample stimulus and the onset of two comparison stimuli. Colors of key illumination (red, green) were used as sample and comparison stimuli and correct responses resulted in 1- or 4-s food deliveries. When 1-s food deliveries consistently followed correct responses to one key color and 4-s food deliveries followed correct responses to the other key color, the maximum delay reached by the hens and their overall accuracy was significantly higher than when 1- and 4-s food deliveries were randomly arranged following correct responses to both key colors. These data constitute the first demonstration of the differential outcomes effect in chickens, and in any species evaluated under a titrating-delayed-matching-to-sample procedure. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3604 | ||
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| Author | Mal, M.E.; McCall ,C.A. | ||||
| Title | The influence of handling during different ages on a halter training test in foals | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 5 | Issue |
2 | Pages | 115-120 |
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| Abstract | Ten foals were used to determine effects of handling during different ages on their ability to perform a halter training test. Early-handled (EH) foals (n = 5) were handled in 10 min sessions 5 d weekly from 24 h after birth until 42 d of age, then were not handled from 43 to 84 d of age. Later-handled (LH) foals (n = 5) were not handled from birth to 42 d of age, then were handled in 10-min sessions 5 d weekly from 43 to 84 d of age. At 85 d of age, each foal was subjected to a 10 min halter training test for 5 consecutive d. The test consisted of an unfamiliar handler placing a halter on each foal and attempting to make the foal walk forward for 20 m. Data recorded during each d of the halter training were duration of initial struggle, number of lunges into the air, time to first forward step, time to five consecutive forward steps, and time to travel 20 m. At the end of the 5 d halter training test, the handler assigned a subjective test rating score to each foal based on ease of training. Split-plot analysis indicated that EH foals took less time (P < 0.05) to take one step forward, five consecutive steps forward, and to travel 20 m than LH foals. One-way ANOVA indicated that EH foals had a lower (more desirable) test ratings than LH foals (P < 0.01). Results indicate that handling throughout the first 42 d of life increased foal performance on this halter training task compared to handling from 43 to 84 d of age. These results may imply the existence of a critical handling period during the first 42 d of age or a phenomenon similar to learned helplessness | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ http://www.ag.auburn.edu/ansc/ResPrograms/influ_age.html | Serial | 3665 | ||
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| Author | Bermudez, J.L. | ||||
| Title | The moral significance of birth | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Ethics | Abbreviated Journal | Ethics |
| Volume | 106 | Issue |
2 | Pages | 378-403 |
| Keywords | Abortion, Induced; Animal Rights; Animals; Beginning of Human Life; Embryonic and Fetal Development; *Ethical Analysis; *Ethics; *Fetus; Homicide; Humans; *Individuality; *Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infanticide; *Labor, Obstetric; Life; *Personhood; Philosophy; Primates; Psychology; *Self Concept; *Value of Life; Analytical Approach; Genetics and Reproduction; Philosophical Approach | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0014-1704 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:11656645; KIE: 31 fn.; KIE: KIE BoB Subject Heading: fetuses; KIE: KIE BoB Subject Heading: personhood | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4177 | ||
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| Author | Templeton, J.J.; Giraldeau, L.-A. | ||||
| Title | Vicarious sampling: the use of personal and public information by starlings foraging in a simple patchy environment | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
| Volume | 38 | Issue |
2 | Pages | 105-114 |
| Keywords | Social foraging ? Patch sampling ? Public information ? Sturnidae | ||||
| Abstract | Group foragers may be able to assess patch quality more efficiently by paying attention to the sampling activities of conspecifics foraging in the same patch. In a previous field experiment, we showed that starlings foraging on patches of hidden food could use the successful foraging activities of others to help them assess patch quality. In order to determine whether a starling could also use another individual's lack of foraging success to assess and depart from empty patches more quickly, we carried out two experimental studies which compared the behaviour of captive starlings sampling artificial patches both when alone and when in pairs. Solitary starlings were first trained to assess patch quality in our experimental two-patch system, and were then tested on an empty patch both alone and with two types of partner bird. One partner sampled very few holes and thus provided a low amount of public information; the other sampled numerous holes and thus provided a high amount of public information. In experiment 1, we found no evidence of vicarious sampling. Subjects sampled a similar number of empty holes when alone as when with the low and high information partners; thus they continued to rely on their own personal information to make their patch departure decisions. In experiment 2, we modified the experimental patches, increasing the ease with which a bird could watch another's sampling activities, and increasing the difficulty of acquiring accurate personal sampling information. This time, subjects apparently did use public information, sampling fewer empty holes before departure when with the high-information partner than when with the low-information partner, and sampling fewer holes when with the low-information partner than when alone. We suggest that the degree to which personal and public information are used is likely to depend both on a forager's ability to remember where it has already sampled and on the type of environment in which foraging takes place. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4198 | ||
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| Author | Reboreda, J.C.; Clayton, N.S.; Kacelnik, A. | ||||
| Title | Species and sex differences in hippocampus size in parasitic and non-parasitic cowbirds | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Neuroreport | Abbreviated Journal | Neuroreport |
| Volume | 7 | Issue |
2 | Pages | 505-508 |
| Keywords | Animals; Birds/*physiology; Female; Hippocampus/*anatomy & histology; Male; Nesting Behavior/*physiology; Sex Characteristics; Species Specificity; Telencephalon/anatomy & histology | ||||
| Abstract | To test the hypothesis that selection for spatial abilities which require birds to locate and to return accurately to host nests has produced an enlarged hippocampus in brood parasites, three species of cowbird were compared. In shiny cowbirds, females search for host nests without the assistance of the male; in screaming cowbirds, males and females inspect hosts' nests together; in bay-winged cowbirds, neither sex searches because this species is not a brood parasite. As predicted, the two parasitic species had a relatively larger hippocampus than the non-parasitic species. There were no sex differences in relative hippocampus size in screaming or bay-winged cowbirds, but female shiny cowbirds had a larger hippocampus than the male. | ||||
| Address | Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina | ||||
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| ISSN | 0959-4965 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:8730816 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4798 | ||
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| Author | Gallese, V.; Fadiga, L.; Fogassi, L.; Rizzolatti, G. | ||||
| Title | Action recognition in the premotor cortex | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Brain | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 119 | Issue |
2 | Pages | 593-609 |
| Keywords | action encoding; visual responses; premotor cortex; macaque monkey | ||||
| Abstract | We recorded electrical activity from 532 neurons in the rostral part of inferior area 6 (area F5) of two macaque monkeys. Previous data had shown that neurons of this area discharge during goal-directed hand and mouth movements. We describe here the properties of a newly discovered set of F5 neurons ( mirror neurons', n = 92) all of which became active both when the monkey performed a given action and when it observed a similar action performed by the experimenter. Mirror neurons, in order to be visually triggered, required an interaction between the agent of the action and the object of it. The sight of the agent alone or of the object alone (three-dimensional objects, food) were ineffective. Hand and the mouth were by far the most effective agents. The actions most represented among those activating mirror neurons were grasping, manipulating and placing. In most mirror neurons (92%) there was a clear relation between the visual action they responded to and the motor response they coded. In [~]30% of mirror neurons the congruence was very strict and the effective observed and executed actions corresponded both in terms of general action (e.g. grasping) and in terms of the way in which that action was executed (e.g. precision grip). We conclude by proposing that mirror neurons form a system for matching observation and execution of motor actions. We discuss the possible role of this system in action recognition and, given the proposed homology between F5 and human Brocca's region, we posit that a matching system, similar to that of mirror neurons exists in humans and could be involved in recognition of actions as well as phonetic gestures. | ||||
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| Notes | 10.1093/brain/119.2.593 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5012 | ||
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