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Author Miller, R.M.
Title How we can quickly assume the role of horse herd leader: Making horses compliant and willing subjects Type Journal Article
Year 1996 Publication Journal of Equine Veterinary Science Abbreviated Journal
Volume 16 Issue 1 Pages 4-7
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4329
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Author Lefebvre, L.; Giraldeau, L.-A.
Title Is social learning an adaptive specialisation? Type Book Chapter
Year 1996 Publication Social learning in animals: The root of culture Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 107-128
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Publisher Academic Press. Place of Publication San Diego Editor Heyes, C. M. ;B. G. Galef B. G..Jr.
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ISSN (up) ISBN 978-0122739651 Medium
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4415
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Author Povinelli, D. J.; Eddy T. J
Title What Young Chimpanzees Know about Seeing Type Book Whole
Year 1996 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 216pp
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Abstract Synopsis

Does a young chimpanzee's gaze subjectively link it to the outside world? Is seeing “about” something to this species? This volume reports the results of fifteen studies conducted with chimpanzees and preschool children. The findings provide little evidence that young chimpanzees understand seeing as a mental event. Even though young chimps spontaneously attend to and follow the visual gaze of others, they simultaneously appear oblivious to the attentional significance of that gaze. This interpretation is consistent with three different possibilities: chimpanzees may experience a delay in psychological development; alternatively, they may possess a different theory of attention, connected subjectively through other behavioral indicators; or the subjective understanding of visual perception may only be present in humans.
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Publisher University of Chicago Press Place of Publication Chicago Editor
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Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN (up) ISBN 9780226676753 Medium
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4960
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Author Gallese, V.; Fadiga, L.; Fogassi, L.; Rizzolatti, G.
Title Action recognition in the premotor cortex Type Journal Article
Year 1996 Publication Brain Abbreviated Journal
Volume 119 Issue 2 Pages 593-609
Keywords action encoding; visual responses; premotor cortex; macaque monkey
Abstract We recorded electrical activity from 532 neurons in the rostral part of inferior area 6 (area F5) of two macaque monkeys. Previous data had shown that neurons of this area discharge during goal-directed hand and mouth movements. We describe here the properties of a newly discovered set of F5 neurons ( mirror neurons', n = 92) all of which became active both when the monkey performed a given action and when it observed a similar action performed by the experimenter. Mirror neurons, in order to be visually triggered, required an interaction between the agent of the action and the object of it. The sight of the agent alone or of the object alone (three-dimensional objects, food) were ineffective. Hand and the mouth were by far the most effective agents. The actions most represented among those activating mirror neurons were grasping, manipulating and placing. In most mirror neurons (92%) there was a clear relation between the visual action they responded to and the motor response they coded. In [~]30% of mirror neurons the congruence was very strict and the effective observed and executed actions corresponded both in terms of general action (e.g. grasping) and in terms of the way in which that action was executed (e.g. precision grip). We conclude by proposing that mirror neurons form a system for matching observation and execution of motor actions. We discuss the possible role of this system in action recognition and, given the proposed homology between F5 and human Brocca's region, we posit that a matching system, similar to that of mirror neurons exists in humans and could be involved in recognition of actions as well as phonetic gestures.
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Notes 10.1093/brain/119.2.593 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5012
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Author Davis, M. H.
Title Empathy: A Social Psychological Approach Type Book Whole
Year 1996 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 272
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Abstract Product Description

Empathy has long been a topic of interest to psychologists, but it has been studied in a sometimes bewildering number of ways. In this volume, Mark Davis offers a thorough, evenhanded review of contemporary empathy research, especially work that has been carried out by social and personality psychologists.Davis’ approach is explicitly multidimensional. He draws careful distinctions between situational and dispositional “antecedents” of empathy, cognitive and noncognitive “internal processes,” affective and nonaffective “intrapersonal outcomes,” and the “interpersonal behaviora

l outcomes” that follow. Davis presents a novel organizational model to help classify and interpret previous findings. This book will be of value in advanced undergraduate and graduate courses on altruism, helping, nad moral development.

About the Author

Mark H. Davis is associate professor of psychology at Eckerd College in St. Petersburg, Florida.
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Publisher Westview Press Place of Publication Boulder, CO Editor
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ISSN (up) ISBN 978-0813330013 Medium
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5017
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Author Hausberger, M.; Le Scolan, N.; Muller, C.; Gautier, E.; Wolff, A.
Title Individual behavioural characteristics in horses: predictability, endogenous and environmental factors Type Journal Article
Year 1996 Publication Journée d`Etude Abbreviated Journal Journée d`Etude
Volume 22 Issue Pages 113- 123
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Publisher Insitute du Cheval Place of Publication Paris Editor
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5023
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Author Hama, H.; Yogo, M.; Matsuyama, Y.
Title Effects of stroking horses on both humans' and horses' heart rate responses Type Journal Article
Year 1996 Publication Japanese Psychological Research Abbreviated Journal Jpn. Psychol. Res.
Volume 38 Issue 2 Pages 66-73
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Abstract The present study examined both human and horse heart rates (HRs) when humans stroked horses for 90 seconds; the subjective arousal levels of the humans were measured by the Tohoku Activation Deactivation Adjective Check List before and after stroking horses. Six male subjects with a positive attitude toward companion animals and 6 male subjects with a negative attitude were selected by their scores on the Pet Attitude Scale, and these two groups, together with a third group, of 6 subjects who were male members of the Doshisha University horse-riding club, participated in this experiment. The HRs of the human subjects during the first 10 seconds immediately after the stroking began were significantly higher than those obtained after that period, but these higher levels gradually returned to baseline levels. This tendency appears more clearly in the negative attitude group. The HRs of the horses increased during the first 20 seconds immediately after the human subjects of the NA group started stroking them, but gradually reduced as the stroking continued. The results of subjective arousal levels suggest a decrease in tension by stroking horses. These results suggest that a certain affectional interaction may exist between humans and companion animals.
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5056
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Author de Waal, F.B.M.; Aureli, F.
Title Consolation, reconciliation, and a possible cognitive difference between macaque and chimpanzee Type Book Chapter
Year 1996 Publication Reaching into Thought: The Minds of the Great Apes Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 80–110.
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Abstract Russon,A.E.; Bard, K.A.; Parker, S.T.
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Publisher Cambridge University Press Place of Publication Cambridge Editor Russon,A.E.; Bard, K.A.; Parker, S.T.
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5060
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Author Mertens, P.A.; Unshelm, J.
Title Effects of Group and Individual Housing on the Behavior of Kennelled Dogs in Animal Shelters Type Journal Article
Year 1996 Publication Anthrozoos: A Multidisciplinary Journal of The Interactions of People & Animals Abbreviated Journal
Volume 9 Issue Pages 40-51
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Abstract To emphasize the effects of group- and single housing of kennelled dogs, the behavior of 211 dogs in two German animal shelters was tested and observed. After being placed, 197 of the dogs' new owners were interviewed.

Although 51% of the German animal shelters already keep dogs in groups, there is strong prejudice against group housing because of the fear of fights. This study demonstrates that this apprehension is unfounded. Ninety-one percent of the social confrontations between dogs housed together were settled by the use of behavioral rituals. Keeping dogs in groups, furthermore, leads to a significant reduction in noise emission (p<.001). Group housing fulfills the dog's need for social interaction and the need to move. Dogs that were housed in groups displayed a closer human-animal relationship (80%) than those that had been kept individually (43%). A high percentage of individually housed dogs suffered from behavioral problems (31%) and 10% developed stereotypes. The percentage of behaviorally disturbed dogs observed in group housing was 11%, and stereotyped forms of behavior did not occur. Dogs who had been kept in groups were, on average, placed within 10 days, and were returned to the animal shelter less often (9%) compared to those housed individually (25%). Dogs that were housed separately needed an average of 17 days to be placed. Even after being placed, there is a correlation between the animal shelter's type of housing and the dog's behavior. Within four weeks after picking up their pet, 88% of the owners of dogs that had been housed individually complained of problems compared to the owners of the dogs that had been kept in groups, 53% of whom were completely satisfied with the adoption.

Despite the fact that these results might be influenced by the small number of shelters examined, the study leads to the conclusion that keeping dogs in groups is a suitable alternative for dog housing in animal shelters and, for the animals' welfare, is preferable to individual housing.
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5165
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Author Frank S. A.
Title Policing and group cohesion when resources vary. Type Journal Article
Year 1996 Publication Animal Behaviour Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.
Volume 52 Issue Pages 1163-1169
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Abstract The transition from competing individuals to cooperative groups has occurred several times inevolutionary history. The puzzle is why selfish individuals did not subvert cohesive group behaviour bytaking resources without contributing to the group’s overall success. Kin selection and reciprocal altruism are the two standard explanations for group cohesion. But many groups have evolved into

cooperative units when relatedness was low and opportunities were limited for the strategic alliances required for reciprocity. A new theory was recently proposed in which individuals invest some of their resources into repressing competition between group members. Such policing increases the fair distribution of resources in the group and enhances group cohesion. The surprising aspect of this theory

is that low relatedness is more conducive to the spread of policing traits than is high relatedness. Here a new explanation is developed of the biological processes that favour policing. The model is then extended in two ways. First, more realism is added to the theory by accounting for the full range of costs and benefits associated with competitive and cooperative traits within groups. Second, another

surprising result is introduced about cooperative evolution. Small variations in individual vigour or resources can lead to large variations in individual contributions to policing the group. Stronger individuals often invest all of their excess resources into policing, but weaker individuals do not contribute to group cohesion.
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5429
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