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Author | Akins, C.K.; Zentall, T.R. | ||||
Title | Imitative learning in male Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) using the two-action method | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1996 | Publication | Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983) | Abbreviated Journal | J Comp Psychol |
Volume | 110 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 316-320 |
Keywords | Animals; Appetitive Behavior; *Attention; *Coturnix; *Imitative Behavior; Male; *Motivation; Transfer (Psychology) | ||||
Abstract | The study of imitative learning in animals has suffered from the presence of a number of confounding motivational and attentional factors (e.g., social facilitation and stimulus enhancement). The two-action method avoids these problems by exposing observers to demonstrators performing a response (e.g., operating a treadle) using 1 of 2 distinctive topographies (e.g., by pecking or by stepping). Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) observers exposed to conspecific demonstrators showed a high correlation between the topography of the response they observed and the response they performed. These data provide strong evidence for the existence of true imitative learning in an active, precocious bird under conditions that control for alternative accounts. | ||||
Address | Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506-0044, USA | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 0735-7036 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | PMID:8858851 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 254 | ||
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Author | Atwill, E.R.; Mohammed, H.O.; Lopez, J.W. | ||||
Title | Evaluation of travel and use as a risk factor for seropositivity to Ehrlichia risticii in horses of New York state | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1996 | Publication | American Journal of Veterinary Research | Abbreviated Journal | Am J Vet Res |
Volume | 57 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 272-277 |
Keywords | Animals; Cross-Sectional Studies; Ehrlichiosis/epidemiology/*veterinary; Female; *Horse Diseases; Horses; Male; New York/epidemiology; Probability; Random Allocation; Risk Factors; *Travel | ||||
Abstract | OBJECTIVES--To determine whether mean annual frequency and destination of equine travel was associated with exposure to Ehrlichia risticii and whether these associations were modified by horses' place of residence. DESIGN--Cross-sectional study. SAMPLE POPULATION--511 equine operations containing 2,587 horses were visited in New York state from a target population of 39,000 operations. PROCEDURE--Each horse was tested for serum antibodies against E risticii, using indirect fluorescent antibody. Information on the horse's travel history, farm's management practices, and surrounding ecology was obtained by personal interview and resource maps. Statistical analyses were performed on 2 cohorts of animals: all horses enrolled in the study and horses born on the property or that resided at least 4 years on the farm. Three county-based risk regions (RR) were identified by use of cluster analysis. RESULTS--Mean seroprevalence for each of the 3 RR was 2.4 (low risk), 8.5 (moderate risk), and 18.5% (high risk) for cohort 1 and 2.5, 8.0, and 18.4% for cohort 2. Among cohorts 1 and 2, pleasure riding and breeding trips were associated with exposure to E risticii, but horse residence (low, moderate, or high RR) was an effect modifier for these associations. Among cohort 1 and stratifying the analysis according to the RR for the travel destination, trail riding at low RR and trail riding at high RR were associated with exposure. Among cohort 2 and stratifying the analysis according to the RR for the travel destination, breeding trips were associated with exposure, and strong effect modification was present for horse residence (low, moderate, or high RR). CONCLUSIONS--Only certain types of travel to specific RR were associated with higher risk of exposure to E risticii. In many instances, travel was not associated, or was associated, with a reduced risk of exposure. | ||||
Address | Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0002-9645 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | PMID:8669754 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2658 | ||
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Author | Ballew, R.M.; Sabelko, J.; Gruebele, M. | ||||
Title | Direct observation of fast protein folding: the initial collapse of apomyoglobin | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1996 | Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
Volume | 93 | Issue | 12 | Pages | 5759-5764 |
Keywords | Animals; Apoproteins/*chemistry; Circular Dichroism; Horses; Kinetics; Muscle, Skeletal/chemistry; Myoglobin/*chemistry; *Protein Folding; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Spectrophotometry, Infrared; Temperature | ||||
Abstract | The rapid refolding dynamics of apomyoglobin are followed by a new temperature-jump fluorescence technique on a 15-ns to 0.5-ms time scale in vitro. The apparatus measures the protein-folding history in a single sweep in standard aqueous buffers. The earliest steps during folding to a compact state are observed and are complete in under 20 micros. Experiments on mutants and consideration of steady-state CD and fluorescence spectra indicate that the observed microsecond phase monitors assembly of an A x (H x G) helix subunit. Measurements at different viscosities indicate diffusive behavior even at low viscosities, in agreement with motions of a solvent-exposed protein during the initial collapse. | ||||
Address | School of Chemical Sciences and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, 61801, USA | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 0027-8424 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | PMID:8650166 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3798 | ||
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Author | Barnes, J.I.; Jager, J.L.V. de | ||||
Title | Economic and financial incentives for wildlife use on private land in Namibia and the implications for policy. | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1996 | Publication | South African Journal of Wildlife Research | Abbreviated Journal | S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res |
Volume | 26 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 37-46 |
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Abstract | Abstract Aggregate estimates for wildlife populations and species diversity on private land in Namibia were made for 1972 and 1992, using questionnaire surveys. Numbers of species and biomass appear to have increased by some 80 percent, or three percent per annum over the period. The number of game species recorded increased by 44 percent. Cost – benefit analysis models were developed and used to analyse economic and financial efficiency of land use involving wildlife on private land. Financial profitability was generally low with both livestock – game production for consumptive use and wildlife production for non-consumptive use. However these activities appear to be economically efficient, and result in a positive contribution to National Income. The results suggest that there are financial incentives for private landholders to group together and form large scale conservancies. The latter benefit from economies of scale which make them more financially profitable and robust, and also more economically efficient, than ranches. Wildlife production for non-consumptive wildlife viewing was found to yield greater economic net value added per unit of land than livestock – wildlife production for consumptive use. This was particularly the case at the larger conservancy scale of operation. Aggregate estimates, in 1994 prices, of the annual net value added to National Income from wildlife use on private land are N$ 30.6 million in 1972 and N$ 56 million in 1992. The economic value of wildlife use as a proportion of the economic value of all private land rangeland uses appears to have risen from five percent to eleven percent over the twenty year period. Current policy to promote the development of wildlife conservancies appears to be economically sound, particularly where these are aimed at eventual conversion to wildlife-based tourism uses. _________________________ |
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2220 | ||
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Author | Barton, R.A. | ||||
Title | Neocortex size and behavioural ecology in primates | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1996 | Publication | Proceedings of the Royal Society B | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B |
Volume | 263 | Issue | 1367 | Pages | 173-177 |
Keywords | Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Brain/*anatomy & histology; Cerebral Cortex/*anatomy & histology/*physiology; *Ecology; Evolution; Primates/anatomy & histology/*physiology/psychology; Regression Analysis; Species Specificity | ||||
Abstract | The neocortex is widely held to have been the focus of mammalian brain evolution, but what selection pressures explain the observed diversity in its size and structure? Among primates, comparative studies suggest that neocortical evolution is related to the cognitive demands of sociality, and here I confirm that neocortex size and social group size are positively correlated once phylogenetic associations and overall brain size are taken into account. This association holds within haplorhine but not strepsirhine primates. In addition, the neocortex is larger in diurnal than in nocturnal primates, and among diurnal haplorhines its size is positively correlated with the degree of frugivory. These ecological correlates reflect the diverse sensory-cognitive functions of the neocortex. | ||||
Address | Department of Anthropology, University of Durham | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 0962-8452 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | PMID:8728982 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4783 | ||
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Author | Barton, R.A.; Byrne, R.W.; Whiten, A. | ||||
Title | Ecology, feeding competition and social structure in baboons | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1996 | Publication | Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
Volume | 38 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 321-329 |
Keywords | Key words Ecology – Competition – Group size – Baboons | ||||
Abstract | Predictions of the model of van Schaik (1989) of female-bonding in primates are tested by systematically comparing the ecology, level of within-group contest competition for food (WGC), and patterns of social behaviour found in two contrasting baboon populations. Significant differences were found in food distribution (percentage of the diet from clumped sources), feeding supplant rates and grooming patterns. In accord with the model, the tendencies of females to affiliate and form coalitions with one another, and to be philopatric, were strongest where ecological conditions promoted WGC. Group fission in the population with strong WGC was “horizontal” with respect to female dominance rank, and associated with female-female aggression during a period of elevated feeding competition. In contrast, where WGC was low, females' grooming was focused on adult males rather than other females. Recent evidence suggests that group fission here is initiated by males, tends to result in the formation of one-male groups, and is not related to feeding competition but to male-male competition for mates. An ecological model of baboon social structure is presented which incorporates the effects of female-female competition, male-male competition, and predation pressure. The model potentially accounts for wide variability in group size, group structure and social relationships within the genus Papio. Socio-ecological convergence between common baboons and hamadryas baboons, however, may be limited in some respects by phylogenetic inertia. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 807 | ||
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Author | Beerda, B.; Schilder, M.B.H.; Janssen, N.S.C.R.M.; Mol, J.A. | ||||
Title | The Use of Saliva Cortisol, Urinary Cortisol, and Catecholamine Measurements for a Noninvasive Assessment of Stress Responses in Dogs | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1996 | Publication | Hormones and Behavior | Abbreviated Journal | Horm. Behav. |
Volume | 30 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 272-279 |
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Abstract | A problem in assessing animal welfare is that collecting data in itself may be stressful to the animals. Therefore, noninvasive methods for collecting data have to be devised and tested. A first step in investigating saliva cortisol, urinary cortisol, and urinary catecholamine as noninvasive indicators of canine well-being is the validation of these hormonal measures as alternatives for those in plasma. Using a model of insulin (0.2 U/kg)-induced hypoglycemia, we report on stress-induced responses in saliva cortisol, urinary cortisol, and urinary catacholamines relative to cortisol and catecholamine responses in plasma. Hypoglycemia in six dogs induced significant (P< 0.05) increases in plasma cortisol and adrenaline but not noradrenaline. Saliva cortisol responses expressed as net area under the response curve correlated significantly with plasma cortisol responses (r> 0.92). Saliva cortisol levels measured 7 to 12% of plasma cortisol concentrations. Cortisol/creatinine ratios in urine were significantly higher when voided after insulin administeration, compared to when voided after saline treatment. Insulin-induced increments in cortisol/creatinine ratios were nonsignificant when urine samples were assayed after dichloromethane extraction. Although urinary adrenaline/creatinine (A/C) ratios were significantly correlated with maximum plasma adrenaline values after insulin administration, A/C ratios did not differ significantly between insulin and saline treatment. The present experiment provides strong support for using saliva sampling and urine collection as noninvasive methods to establish stress-induced cortisol responses. For measuring acute plasma adrenaline responses, measuring A/C ratios may not be a valid alternative. | ||||
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Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 0018-506x | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5574 | ||
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Author | Bennett, A.T. | ||||
Title | Do animals have cognitive maps? | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1996 | Publication | The Journal of Experimental Biology | Abbreviated Journal | J Exp Biol |
Volume | 199 | Issue | Pt 1 | Pages | 219-224 |
Keywords | Animals; Cognition/*physiology; Humans; Space Perception/*physiology; Visual Pathways | ||||
Abstract | Drawing on studies of humans, rodents, birds and arthropods, I show that 'cognitive maps' have been used to describe a wide variety of spatial concepts. There are, however, two main definitions. One, sensu Tolman, O'Keefe and Nadel, is that a cognitive map is a powerful memory of landmarks which allows novel short-cutting to occur. The other, sensu Gallistel, is that a cognitive map is any representation of space held by an animal. Other definitions with quite different meanings are also summarised. I argue that no animal has been conclusively shown to have a cognitive map, sensu Tolman, O'Keefe and Nadel, because simpler explanations of the crucial novel short-cutting results are invariably possible. Owing to the repeated inability of experimenters to eliminate these simpler explanations over at least 15 years, and the confusion caused by the numerous contradictory definitions of a cognitive map, I argue that the cognitive map is no longer a useful hypothesis for elucidating the spatial behaviour of animals and that use of the term should be avoided. | ||||
Address | Department of Pure Mathematics, University of Adelaide, Australia | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0022-0949 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | PMID:8576693 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2756 | ||
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Author | Bermudez, J.L. | ||||
Title | The moral significance of birth | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1996 | Publication | Ethics | Abbreviated Journal | Ethics |
Volume | 106 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 378-403 |
Keywords | Abortion, Induced; Animal Rights; Animals; Beginning of Human Life; Embryonic and Fetal Development; *Ethical Analysis; *Ethics; *Fetus; Homicide; Humans; *Individuality; *Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infanticide; *Labor, Obstetric; Life; *Personhood; Philosophy; Primates; Psychology; *Self Concept; *Value of Life; Analytical Approach; Genetics and Reproduction; Philosophical Approach | ||||
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ISSN | 0014-1704 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:11656645; KIE: 31 fn.; KIE: KIE BoB Subject Heading: fetuses; KIE: KIE BoB Subject Heading: personhood | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4177 | ||
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Author | Bizot J.-C.; Thiebot M.-H. | ||||
Title | Impulsivity as a confounding factor in certain animal tests of cognitive function | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1996 | Publication | Cognitive Brain Research | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 3 | Issue | Pages | 243-250 | |
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 3450 | ||
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